Critical care pharmacists improve patient-centered outcomes for patients in the ICU. Studies have demonstrated that a critical care pharmacist participating on interprofessional rounds in the ICU reduces adverse drug events by 70%. Critical care pharmacists reduce mortality and ICU length of stay all while improving the value of healthcare delivery (studies estimate up to a 25-to-1 return on investment for the addition of an ICU pharmacist. However, there is a significant gap in critical care pharmacist services in the United States (1 in 3 ICUs does not have a rounding pharmacist and most ICUs do not have a pharmacist present on rounds on weekends or holidays). Increasing critical care pharmacist services is a complex, multi-factorial process.

The purpose of this page is to provide a collated series of resources to justify more critical care pharmacist services including:

(1) a philosophy for approaching the creation of the Ideal Critical Care Pharmacist Practice Model

(2) a toolkit for immediately actionable steps

(3) publications associated with advancing critical care pharmacist practice

(4) a systemically developed library of studies supporting the importance of critical care pharmacists in ICU patient care

(5) other resources to support position justification.

If you have further questions, please reach out here.

Are you interested in advancing critical care pharmacist practice?

  1. Philosophy for creating the Ideal Critical Care Pharmacist Practice Model.

This philosophy starts with a basic assumption: Anytime a patient takes a medication, a pharmacist can improve the outcome.

This philosophy is based on the substantial body of evidence (below) that critical care pharmacists are associated with improved patient-centered outcomes in the ICU.

This philosophy has one central question: How does critical care pharmacist workload affect the ability to improve patient outcomes?

The optimal workload is unknown for critical care pharmacists. That means that for patients that do receive care from a pharmacist, it is unknown whether they receive optimal care.

This question is important because (1) ICU physicians and nurses have identified workload amounts that are associated with improved outcomes, (2) we know not every ICU patient receives the care of a critical care pharmacist, and (3) we have reason to believe that we are not at the optimal workload for critical care pharmacists due to high rates of burn-out, attrition, and perceptions of unsafe care.

This philosophy has one central goal: Creating the Critical Care Pharmacist Practice Model.

Here are four proposed steps to developing this model:

1.     Identify the stakeholders

2. Identify how a critical care pharmacist achieves optimal patient-centered outcomes while bringing high value to the institution

3. Delineate how optimized medication management results in improved patient-centered outcomes. (This foundational knowledge is required for workload prediction).

4. Incorporate a data-driven, metrics-based, and clinician-oriented approach

1. Identify the stakeholders:

Stakeholder Triad of Critical Care Pharmacist Practice Models: the ideal model, by definition, optimizes outcomes for the three key stakeholders including patients, institutions, and critical care pharmacists. In such a model, the best quality of patient care is provided at a high value to the institution while promoting clinician wellness and professional development.

2. Identify how a critical care pharmacist achieves optimal patient-centered outcomes while bringing high value to the institution:

Triple Domain of Critical Care Pharmacist Practice: the ideal model, by definition, incorporates the three established domains of how critical care pharmacists improve outcomes. These domains include direct patient care (e.g., attending interprofessional rounds), indirect patient care (e.g., implementing quality improvement protocols), and professional service (e.g., organizational educational initiatives). The Triple Domain of Critical Care Pharmacist Practice creates a Culture of Evidence-Based Medication Use.

3. Delineate how optimized medication management results in improved patient-centered outcomes. (This foundational knowledge is required for workload prediction):

Patient-Medication Optimization-Outcome Pathway: The Patient-Medication Optimization-Outcome Pathway is a theoretical construct that supports investigation into how medication optimization is an independent factor to ultimate patient outcomes. Moreover, it allows for careful analysis of the relative efficacy and safety differences among therapies.

4. Incorporate a data-driven, metrics-based, and clinician-oriented approach

To date, we have been unable to compare a critical care pharmacist practice model at one institution versus another and ascertain how these models affect patient-centered outcomes. Without the tools to robustly and quantitively compare models, we will be unable to identify pharmacists in the ICU.

To date, no single metric appears able to capture the holistic nature of what a pharmacist does. Yet, we know that “what gets measured, get’s improved” and that “what gets measured, gets managed.”

The research goal for the future is to identify metrics and prediction models that can quantitatively describe workload. Housed in a clinician-oriented dashboard that accurately captures workload associated with The Triple Domain of Critical Care Pharmacist Practice would allow us the capabilities to identify what models resulted in optimized outcomes.

2. Here is a toolkit of immediately actionable steps.

The “Toolkit for Increasing Critical Care Pharmacy Services” includes immediately actionable steps well-supported by current literature. The associated publication from Annals of the American Thoracic Society is available here.

@AndreaSikora

3. MRC-ICU Investigator Team on Critical Care Pharmacist Practice Advancement:

  1. Newsome SA. Smith SE. Jones TW. Taylor A. Van Berkel MA. Rabinovich M. A survey of critical care pharmacists to patient ratios and practice characteristics in intensive care units. 23 Jul 2019: 3(1): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1163.

    This survey provides self-reported pharmacist-to-patient ratios, job responsibilities, and perceptions by critical care pharmacists. Importantly, it shows a significant proportion of critical care pharmacists take care of high patient volumes and are concerned this reduces the quality of care provided.

  2. Smith SE. Slaughter AA. Butler SA. Buckley MS. MacLaren R. Sikora Newsome A. Examination of critical care pharmacist work activities and burnout. 5 Feb 2021: 4(5): 554-569. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1408.

    This survey provides self-reported perceptions of burn-out using a validated burn-out inventory. It observed high rates of burn-out due to current workloads and most importantly observed that participation in indirect patient care activities like quality improvement was protective against burn-out, which supports the important concept that pharmacists provide value as clinicians in both direct and indirect patient care activities.

  3. Sikora Newsome A. Murray B. Smith SE. Brothers T. Al-Mamun MA. Chase AM. Rowe S. Buckley MS. Murphy D. Devlin JW. Optimization of critical care pharmacy clinical services: A gap analysis approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021 Jun 1;zxab237. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab237.Online ahead of print. PMID: 34061960.

    This review provides an overview of the current critical care pharmacy services landscape, including current gaps in coverage and the ramifications of those gaps on patient care. It charts a course forward using a data-driven, metrics-based approach to ensure that each ICU patient receives the care of a critical care pharmacist.

  4. Murray B. Buckley MS. Sikora Newsome A. Action Plan for Successful Implementation of Optimal ICU Pharmacist Activities: Next Steps for the Critical Care Pharmacist Position Paper. Crit Care Med. 2021 Feb 1;49(2):e199-e200. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004727. PMID: 33438981.

    This brief commentary discusses the limitations of the current Position Statement on Critical Care Pharmacist services and is a call to action for focusing on optimizing implementation of pharmacists in the ICU.

  5. Jones TW. Sikora Newsome A. Smith SE. Forehand CC. Interprofessional Shared Decision-Making: Who Is at the Table? Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb;48(2):e158-e159. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004029. PMID: 31939822.

    This editorial discusses the role of ICU pharmacists as important members of the interprofessional shared decision making process.

  6. Pharmacists Are Associated With Reduced Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: Now What? Crit Care Med. 2019 Dec;47(12):e1036-e1037. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003934. PMID: 31738261.

    This editorial makes the argument for evaluating the incremental improvement of additional of pharmacist services in the ICU. It is a well-documented reality that ICU pharmacists improve care and are associated with reduced mortality. The discussion must now focus on optimization of those services.

  7. Forehand CC. Fitton K. Keats K. Chase A. Smith SE. Sikora Newsome A. Productivity tracking: a survey of critical care pharmacist practices and satisfaction. Hospital Pharmacy. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/00185787211024209.

    This survey evaluated the current landscape of metrics associated with documenting pharmacist value and identified a gap between pharmacist activities and yearly evaluations.

  8. Smith SE. Murray B. Sikora A. Authors’ reply. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Mar 1;zxac067. DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac067. PMID: 35230386.

    This reply discusses the vital role of pharmacists as “agents of patient care” and focuses on the value pharmacists bring as clinicians.

  9. Murray B. Sikora Newsome A. Avoiding cost avoidance. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Jan 5;79(2):14-15.  DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab364. PMID: 34487144.

    This editorial discusses the role of cost-avoidance as a metric to justify pharmacist services.

MRC-ICU Investigator Team Productivity.

Peer-Reviewed Publications Related to the MRC-ICU Score:

1.     Gwynn ME, Poisson MO, Waller JL, Sikora Newsome A. Development and validation of a medication regimen complexity scoring tool for critically ill patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019 May 17;76(Supplement_2):S34-S40. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxy054. PMID: 31067298.

2.     Sikora Newsome A, Anderson D, Gwynn ME, Waller JL. Characterization of changes in medication complexity using a modified scoring tool. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019 Nov 13;76(Supplement_4):S92-S95. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxz213. PMID: 31586396.

3.     Sikora Newsome A, Smith SE, Olney WJ, Jones TW. Multicenter validation of a novel medication-regimen complexity scoring tool. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020 Mar 5;77(6):474-478. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxz330. PMID: 34086844.

4.     Al-Mamun MA, Brothers T, Sikora Newsome A. Development of Machine Learning Models to Validate a Medication Regimen Complexity Scoring Tool for Critically Ill Patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 Apr;55(4):421-429. doi: 10.1177/1060028020959042.Epub 2020 Sep 15. PMID: 32929977.

5.     Olney WJ, Chase AM, Hannah SA, Smith SE, Sikora Newsome A. Medication Regimen Complexity Score as an Indicator of Fluid Balance in Critically Ill Patients. J Pharm Pract. 2021 Mar 9;897190021999792. doi: 10.1177/0897190021999792.Online ahead of print. PMID: 33685269.

6.     Sikora Newsome A, Smith SE, Olney WJ, Jones TW, Forehand CC, Jun AH, Coppiano L. Medication regimen complexity is associated with pharmacist interventions and drug-drug interactions: A use of the novel MRC-ICU scoring tool. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. 2019 Jun 12; 3(1): 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1146.

7.     Sikora A, Ayyala D, Rech M, Blackwell B, Campbell J, Caylor M, Condeni M, Depriest A, Dzierba A, Flannery A, Hamilton L, Heavner M, Horng M, Lam J, Liang E, Montero J, Murphy D, Plewa-Rusiecki A, Sacco A, Sacha G, Shah P, Smith M, Smith Z, Radosevich J, Vilella A, The MRC-ICU Investigator Team. Impact of pharmacists to improve patient care in the critically ill: A large multicenter analysis using meaningful metrics with the MRC-ICU. Crit Care Med 2022 Jun 10. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005585. PMID: 35678204.

8.     Webb A, Rowe S, Sikora Newsome A. A descriptive report of the rapid implementation of automated MRC-ICU calculations in the EMR of an academic medical center. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Feb 21;zxac059. DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac059. PMID. 35187576.

9.     Smith SE, Shelley R, Sikora Newsome A. Medication regimen complexity vs. patient   acuity for predicting critical care pharmacist interventions. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021   Dec 3;zxab460. DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab460. PMID: 34864850.

 

Critical Care Pharmacy Practice Peer-Reviewed Publications:

1.     Sikora A, Martin G. Critical care pharmacists: improving care by increasing access to medication expertise. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2022. [Accepted]

2.     Newsome SA, Smith SE, Jones TW, Taylor A, Van Berkel MA, Rabinovich M. A survey of critical care pharmacists to patient ratios and practice characteristics in intensive care units. 23 Jul 2019: 3(1): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1163.

3.     Smith SE, Slaughter AA, Butler SA, Buckley MS, MacLaren R, Sikora Newsome A. Examination of critical care pharmacist work activities and burnout. 5 Feb 2021: 4(5): 554-569. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1408.

4.     Sikora Newsome A, Murray B, Smith SE, Brothers T, Al-Mamun MA, Chase AM, Rowe S, Buckley MS, Murphy D, Devlin JW. Optimization of critical care pharmacy clinical services: A gap analysis approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021 Jun 1;zxab237. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab237.Online ahead of print. PMID: 34061960.

5.     Murray B, Buckley MS, Sikora Newsome A. Action Plan for Successful Implementation of Optimal ICU Pharmacist Activities: Next Steps for the Critical Care Pharmacist Position Paper. Crit Care Med. 2021 Feb 1;49(2):e199-e200. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004727. PMID: 33438981.

6.     Jones TW, Sikora Newsome A, Smith SE, Forehand CC. Interprofessional Shared Decision-Making: Who Is at the Table? Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb;48(2):e158-e159. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004029. PMID: 31939822.

7.     Sikora A, Jones TW, Smith SE. Pharmacists Are Associated With Reduced Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: Now What? Crit Care Med. 2019 Dec;47(12):e1036-e1037. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003934. PMID: 31738261.

8.    Forehand CC, Fitton K, Keats K, Chase A, Smith SE, Sikora Newsome A. Productivity tracking: a survey of critical care pharmacist practices and satisfaction. Hospital Pharmacy. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/00185787211024209.

9.    Smith SE, Murray B, Sikora A. Authors’ reply. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Mar 1;zxac067. DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac067.   PMID: 35230386.

10.  Murray B, Sikora Newsome A. Avoiding cost avoidance. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Jan   5;79(2):14-15. DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab364. PMID: 34487144.

11.  Sikora A. Critical Care Pharmacists: A Focus on Horizons. Critical Care Clinics. 2023. [Accepted].

12.  Sikora A.  Critical Care Pharmacy: Our next thirty years. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2022. [Accepted].

 

Funded Grants: (total funding = $2,205,463)

1.     Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Machine learning validation of medication regimen complexity for critical care pharmacist resource prediction. PI: Andrea Sikora Newsome. Co-I: Ye Shen, Tianming Liu, Sheng Li, Susan Smith, David Murphy, Rishikan Kamaleswaran, Swaminathan Kandaswamy. R01HS029009. Duration: September 1 2022 – September 1 2027. $1,862,521.

2.     UGA College of Pharmacy Foundation Funds “Seed Grant.” Artificial intelligence applied to medication regimen complexity for mechanical ventilation prediction in critically ill patients. $4,000. PI: Andrea Sikora. Duration: July 1, 2022 – June 30, 2023.

3.     Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Machine learning validation of medication regimen complexity for critical care pharmacist resource prediction. PI: Andrea Sikora Newsome. Co-I: John Devlin, Susan Smith, David Murphy, Rishikan Kamaleswaran. 1R21HS028485. Duration: April 8 2022 – April 7 2024. $299,542.

4.     University of Georgia. 2022 Teaming for Interdisciplinary Research Pre-Seed Program. Ye Shen (PI). Collaborating Investigators: Andrea Sikora, Susan Smith, Tianming Liu, Sheng Li. $2,400.  Duration: January 2022 – December 2022.

5.     National Institutes of Health Loan Repayment Program. Machine learning validation of medication regimen complexity for critical care pharmacist resource prediction. Andrea Sikora Newsome (PI). Duration: September 2021 – September 2023.

6.     UGA College of Pharmacy Foundation Funds “Seed Grant.” Machine learning application of medication regimen complexity for ADR prediction. Andrea Sikora Newsome (PI). Collaborating Investigators: Susan Smith, Ye Shen. $7,000. Duration: July 2021 – June 2022.  

7.     ASHP Foundation Board of Directors “Optimizing Technology Innovation Grant.”
Machine learning validation of medication regimen complexity for critical care pharmacist resource prediction. Andrea Sikora Newsome (PI). Collaborating Investigators: Susan Smith,  John Devlin, David Murphy, Brian Murray, Sandra Rowe, Mitchell Buckley. $30,000. Duration: June 2021 – June 2022.  

8.     Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties. Impact of board certification on quality of care provided by evening critical care pharmacist services. Timothy Jones (PI). Collaborating Investigators: Christy Forehand, Kelli Keats, Chase A, Andrea Sikora. $5,000 Duration: September 2022 – September 2023.

 

Other Scholarly Activities:

1.     Sikora A, Jeong H, Yu M, Chen X, Murray B, Kamaleswaran R. Cluster analysis driven by unsupervised latent feature learning of intensive care unit medications to identify novel pharmaco-phenotypes of critically ill patients. Res Sq. 2022. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1745568/v1

2.     Sikora Newsome A. Characterization of Medication Regimen Complexity, Pharmacist Interventions, and Patient Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients. Edited by David Murphy, Emory Thesis and Dissertations, Emory University, 16 Apr. 2021.

 

Submitted Grants:

1.     Society of Critical Care Medicine Weil Research Grant. Developing a common medication ontology for artificial intelligence. PI: Andrea Sikora. Co-I: Rishi Kamaleswaran, Kelli Keats. Submitted Fall 2022. (Not awarded).

2.     American College of Clinical Pharmacy Foundation Futures Grant. A standardized medication library for ICU medications. PI: Kelli Keats. Senior Mentor: Andrea Sikora. Submitted Fall 2022. (Not awarded).

3.     National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Research Project Grant (NIBIB R01). Building medication data infrastructure for use in artificial intelligence applications in the intensive care unit. PI: Andrea Sikora. Consultants: Kelli Keats, Brian Murray. Submitted Spring 2023 (Under review).

 

Invited Presentations:

1.     Sikora A. Future of Critical Care Pharmacy Practice Models. (October 2022). American College of Clinical Pharmacy International Conference. San Francisco, CA.

2.     Sikora A. Artificial intelligence in critical care pharmacy. Length: 60 minutes. (2021). Northeastern Department of Pharmacy and Health Systems Sciences, School of Pharmacy. Skills in Research Elective. Course Coordinator: John Devlin, PharmD, FCCP, MCCM

3.     Sikora A, Smith SE. Critical services of critical care pharmacists. Length: 60 minutes. (March 2022). Georgia Society of Health-System Pharmacists Spring Meeting. Savannah, GA.

4.     Sikora A. Artificial intelligence to improve critical care pharmacist practice. (October 2022). New England Critical Care Symposium. Length: 60 minutes. Keynote Speaker.

 

Manuscripts under review/development by the MRC-ICU Investigator Team:

1.     Machine learning and medication regimen complexity for fluid overload prediction

2.    Common data model to standardize medication features for artificial intelligence

3.     Association between medication regimen complexity, severity of illness, and ICU mortality

4.     Pharmacophenotype identification via unsupervised, cluster analysis employing common data model of intensive care unit (ICU) medications

5.     An assessment of intensive care unit clinical pharmacist-to-patient ratios: A time-motion observational study

Awards for MRC-ICU Related Work:

1.     Blotske K, Wu Stephen, Keats K, Forehand C, Sikora A. Medication regimen complexity and medication errors. ACCP Annual Meeting. 2022. San Francisco, CA. (Awarded Student Travel Award to Blotske K).

2.     Sikora A, Ayyala D, Rech M, Blackwell B, Campbell J, Caylor M, Condeni M, Depriest A, Dzierba A, Flannery A, Hamilton L, Heavner M, Horng M, Lam J, Liang E, Montero J, Murphy D, Plewa-Rusiecki A, Sacco A, Sacha G, Shah P, Smith M, Smith Z, Radosevich J, Vilella A, The MRC-ICU Investigator Team. Impact of pharmacists to improve patient care in the critically ill: A large multicenter analysis using meaningful metrics with the MRC-ICU. Critical Care Medicine. 2022. (ACCP Critical Care PRN Publication of the Year – 2022).

3.     Smith SE, Sikora Newsome A. Comparison of Medication Regimen Complexity and Patient Acuity to Predict Pharmacist Interventions. Critical Care Medicine: January 2022 - Volume 50 - Issue 1 - p 609. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000811196.44849.52.[Awarded Congress Scholarship by Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Section, highest scoring abstract from CPP for 2022].

4.     Forehand CC; Azimi H; Johnson L; Loudermilk E; H Alawuah; McKinley C; Chase A; Sikora Newsome A. Medication Regimen Complexity Score to Predict Inpatient Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. Critical Care Medicine: January 2022 - Volume 50 - Issue 1 - p 107.  DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000807304.99354.79. [Awarded Congress Scholarship by Internal Medicine Section].

5.     Smith SE; MacLaren R; Buckley M; Slaughter A; Sikora Newsome A. Relationship between critical care clinical pharmacist activities and burnout syndrome. (2021, Feb). Critical Care Medicine: January 2021 - Volume 49 - Issue 1 - p 21. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000726192.71604.e2. [Star Research Achievement Award, SCCM CPP Section Congress Scholarship Recipient.]

6.     Sikora Newsome A, Smith SE; UGA C3. Medication Regimen Complexity Predicts Pharmacist Workload: Use of the Novel MRC-ICU Scoring Tool. (2019, March 8). Georgia Society of Health-System Pharmacists Spring Meeting. Savannah GA. [Best Practitioner Poster Award.]

4. Creating a business plan for position justification.

  1. Creating a pharmacist business plan: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1310/hpj5110-856?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.3

  2. Creating S-B-A-R for a pharmacist position: https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article-abstract/80/18/1275/7187005?redirectedFrom=fulltext

5. Publications supporting the role of critical care pharmacists.

Click here for a citation list of publications (n=834) that support the role of critical care pharmacists.

This search was conducted in October 2022. Search terms are as follows:

  • ("critical care"[MeSH] OR "critical illness"[MeSH]) AND

  • "Intensive Care Units"[Mesh] AND

  • "Pharmacists"[Mesh] OR "Pharmaceutical Services"[Mesh]

Combined with:

  • ("intensive care"[Title/Abstract] OR "ICU"[Title/Abstract] OR "critical care"[Title/Abstract] OR "critical ill*"[Title/Abstract)] AND

  • ("outcome*"[Title/Abstract] OR "protocol*"[Title/Abstract] OR "guideline*"[Title/Abstract] OR "improve*"[Title/Abstract]) AND

  • "pharmacist*"[Title/Abstract] OR “pharmacy-driven”[Title/Abstract]

Intensive Care Unit Professionals

Interdisciplinary

Borges, M. L., et al. (2021). "Nursing workload associated with the frequency of multidisciplinary rounds: a cross-sectional study." Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 33(1): 82-87. [PubMed]

Donovan, A. L., et al. (2018). "Interprofessional Care and Teamwork in the ICU." Crit Care Med 46(6): 980-990. [PubMed]

Ervin, J. N., et al. (2018). "Teamwork in the intensive care unit." Am Psychol 73(4): 468-477. [PubMed]

Kleinpell, R., et al. (2019). "Choosing Wisely in Critical Care: Results of a National Survey From the Critical Care Societies Collaborative." Crit Care Med 47(3): 331-336. [PubMed]

Mahafzah, R., et al. (2021). "Awareness and Perception of Healthcare Providers about Proxy Consent in Critical Care Research." Crit Care Res Pract 2021: 7614517. [PubMed]

LeBlanc, J. M., et al. (2012). "Multiprofessional survey of protocol use in the intensive care unit." J Crit Care 27(6): 738.e739-717. [PubMed]

Reeves, S., et al. (2015). "Interprofessional collaboration and family member involvement in intensive care units: emerging themes from a multi-sited ethnography." J Interprof Care 29(3): 230-237. [PubMed]

Durbin, C. G., Jr. (2006). "Team model: advocating for the optimal method of care delivery in the intensive care unit." Crit Care Med 34(3 Suppl): S12-17. [PubMed]

Zampieri, F. G., et al. (2019). "ICU staffing feature phenotypes and their relationship with patients' outcomes: an unsupervised machine learning analysis." Intensive Care Med 45(11): 1599-1607. [PubMed]

McKenzie, M. G., et al. (2020). "Sensitizing the interdisciplinary team to desensitizations: An alemtuzumab case report." J Oncol Pharm Pract 26(3): 742-746. [PubMed]

Tamuz, M., et al. (2011). "Rethinking resident supervision to improve safety: from hierarchical to interprofessional models." J Hosp Med 6(8): 445-452. [PubMed]

Schmid, S., et al. (2022). "Interprofessional Collaboration between ICU Physicians, Staff Nurses, and Hospital Pharmacists Optimizes Antimicrobial Treatment and Improves Quality of Care and Economic Outcome." Antibiotics (Basel) 11(3). [PubMed]

O'Connor, C., et al. (2009). "The use of wireless e-mail to improve healthcare team communication." J Am Med Inform Assoc 16(5): 705-713. [PubMed]

Ewart, G. W., et al. (2004). "The critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action: a white paper from the critical care professional societies." Chest 125(4): 1518-1521. [PubMed]

Dammeyer, J. A., et al. (2012). "Nurse-led change: a statewide multidisciplinary collaboration targeting intensive care unit delirium." Crit Care Nurs Q 35(1): 2-14. [PubMed]

Bordley, J., et al. (2018). "Use of a Novel, Electronic Health Record-Centered, Interprofessional ICU Rounding Simulation to Understand Latent Safety Issues." Crit Care Med 46(10): 1570-1576. [PubMed]

(1999). "Critical care services and personnel: recommendations based on a system of categorization into two levels of care. American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care Medicine." Crit Care Med 27(2): 422-426. [PubMed]

Dodek, P. M. and J. Raboud (2003). "Explicit approach to rounds in an ICU improves communication and satisfaction of providers." Intensive Care Med 29(9): 1584-1588. [PubMed]

Costa, D. K., et al. (2014). "Facilitators of an interprofessional approach to care in medical and mixed medical/surgical ICUs: a multicenter qualitative study." Res Nurs Health 37(4): 326-335. [PubMed]

Costa, D. K., et al. (2015). "The Association Between Daytime Intensivist Physician Staffing and Mortality in the Context of Other ICU Organizational Practices: A Multicenter Cohort Study." Crit Care Med 43(11): 2275-2282. [PubMed]

Santos, G. F. D., et al. (2021). "Good practices for physical restraint in intensive care units: integrative review." Rev Bras Enferm 74(3): e20201166. [PubMed]

Taylor, A. and A. Sutherland (2016). "CLINICAL SUPERVISION - WHAT ABOUT THE SPECIALIST TRAINEES?" Arch Dis Child 101(9): e2. [PubMed]

Kelm, D. J., et al. (2018). "Mindfulness Meditation and Interprofessional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study." Teach Learn Med 30(4): 433-443. [PubMed]

Bowman, M. A., et al. (2018). "Interventions Must Be Realistic to Be Useful and Completed in Family Medicine." J Am Board Fam Med 31(1): 1-4. [PubMed]

Rodriguez, A., et al. (2014). "Best Practices for Interdisciplinary Care Management by Hospital Glycemic Teams: Results of a Society of Hospital Medicine Survey Among 19 U.S. Hospitals." Diabetes Spectr 27(3): 197-206. [PubMed]

Burnout

Horwitz, L. I., et al. (2007). "Changes in outcomes for internal medicine inpatients after work-hour regulations." Ann Intern Med 147(2): 97-103. [PubMed]

Colbenson, G. A., et al. (2021). "Examining Burnout in Interprofessional Intensive Care Unit Clinicians Using Qualitative Analysis." Am J Crit Care 30(5): 391-396. [PubMed]

Moll, V., et al. (2022). "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Impacts Burnout Syndrome Differently Among Multiprofessional Critical Care Clinicians-A Longitudinal Survey Study." Crit Care Med 50(3): 440-448. [PubMed]

Olley, B. O. (2003). "A comparative study of burnout syndrome among health professionals in a Nigerian teaching hospital." Afr J Med Med Sci 32(3): 297-302. [PubMed]

Fanari, Z., et al. (2016). "Impact of a Multidisciplinary Team Approach Including an Intensivist on the Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients in the Cardiac Care Unit." Mayo Clin Proc 91(12): 1727-1734. [PubMed]

The Role of the Critical Care Pharmacist

Lee, H., et al. (2019). "Impact on Patient Outcomes of Pharmacist Participation in Multidisciplinary Critical Care Teams: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Crit Care Med 47(9): 1243-1250. [PubMed]

Stollings, J. L., et al. (2018). "Critical Care Pharmacists and Medication Management in an ICU Recovery Center." Ann Pharmacother 52(8): 713-723. [PubMed]

Arredondo, E., et al. (2021). "Role of Clinical Pharmacists in Intensive Care Units." Cureus 13(9): e17929. [PubMed]

Mohiuddin, A. K. (2019). "Pharmacists in Critical Care." Innov Pharm 10(1). [Pubmed]

Chiang, L. H., et al. (2021). "Clinical pharmacy interventions in intensive care unit patients." J Clin Pharm Ther 46(1): 128-133. [PubMed]

Franco Sereno, M. T., et al. (2018). "Pharmacist Adscription To Intensive Care: Generating Synergies." Med Intensiva (Engl Ed) 42(9): 534-540. [PubMed]

MacTavish, P., et al. (2019). "Impact of a pharmacist intervention at an intensive care rehabilitation clinic." BMJ Open Qual 8(3): e000580. [PubMed]

Preslaski, C. R., et al. (2013). "Pharmacist contributions as members of the multidisciplinary ICU team." Chest 144(5): 1687-1695. [PubMed]

Jurado, L. V. and J. D. Steelman (2013). "The role of the pharmacist in the intensive care unit." Crit Care Nurs Q 36(4): 407-414.[PubMed]

Horn, E. and J. Jacobi (2006). "The critical care clinical pharmacist: evolution of an essential team member." Crit Care Med 34(3 Suppl): S46-51. [PubMed]

Sikora, A., et al. (2022). "Impact of Pharmacists to Improve Patient Care in the Critically Ill: A Large Multicenter Analysis Using Meaningful Metrics With the Medication Regimen Complexity-ICU (MRC-ICU) Score." Crit Care Med 50(9): 1318-1328. [PubMed]

Forehand, C. C., et al. (2022). "Productivity Tracking: A Survey of Critical Care Pharmacist Practices and Satisfaction." Hosp Pharm 57(2): 273-280. [PubMed]

Schmidt, L. E., et al. (2020). "The pharmacist's role in implementation of the ABCDEF bundle into clinical practice." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(21): 1751-1762. [PubMed]

Buckley, M. S., et al. (2020). "Clinical Pharmacist-Led Impact on Inappropriate Albumin Use and Costs in the Critically Ill." Ann Pharmacother 54(2): 105-112. [PubMed]

Kane, S. L., et al. (2003). "The impact of critical care pharmacists on enhancing patient outcomes." Intensive Care Med 29(5): 691-698. [PubMed]

Smith, S. E., et al. (2022). "Medication regimen complexity vs patient acuity for predicting critical care pharmacist interventions." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(8): 651-655. [PubMed]

Erstad, B. L., et al. (2011). "Interdisciplinary patient care in the intensive care unit: focus on the pharmacist." Pharmacotherapy 31(2): 128-137. [PubMed]

Cvikl, M. and A. Sinkovič (2020). "Interventions of a clinical pharmacist in a medical intensive care unit - A retrospective analysis." Bosn J Basic Med Sci 20(4): 495-501. [PubMed]

Stollings, J. L., et al. (2015). "Pharmacist leadership in ICU quality improvement: coordinating spontaneous awakening and breathing trials." Ann Pharmacother 49(8): 883-891.[PubMed]

MacLaren, R. and J. W. Devlin (2019). "The Bedside Critical Care Pharmacist: A Mandatory ICU Team Member Essential for Patient Care." Crit Care Med 47(9): 1276-1278. [PubMed]

Bosma, B. E., et al. (2018). "Pharmacist interventions during patient rounds in two intensive care units: Clinical and financial impact." Neth J Med 76(3): 115-124. [PubMed]

Bourne, R. S., et al. (2014). "Proactive clinical pharmacist interventions in critical care: effect of unit speciality and other factors." Int J Pharm Pract 22(2): 146-154. [PubMed]

Valera-Rubio, M., et al. (2019). "Nationwide current situation of hospital pharmacists in intensive care units." Farm Hosp 43(6): 182-186. [PubMed]

Shulman, R., et al. (2015). "Pharmacist's review and outcomes: Treatment-enhancing contributions tallied, evaluated, and documented (PROTECTED-UK)." J Crit Care 30(4): 808-813. [PubMed]

Feih, J., et al. (2017). "Pharmacist involvement on a rapid response team." Am J Health Syst Pharm 74(5 Supplement 1): S10-s16. [PubMed]

Louzon, P. R., et al. (2022). "Sleep-Promotion Bundle Development, Implementation, and Evaluation in Critically Ill Adults: Roles for Pharmacists." Ann Pharmacother 56(7): 839-849. [PubMed]

Michal, J., et al. (2016). "Impact of a pharmacist-driven protocol to decrease proton pump inhibitor use in non-intensive care hospitalized adults." Am J Health Syst Pharm 73(17 Suppl 4): S126-132. [PubMed]

MacLaren, R., et al. (2008). "Clinical and economic outcomes of involving pharmacists in the direct care of critically ill patients with infections." Crit Care Med 36(12): 3184-3189. [PubMed]

Kaupp, K., et al. (2022). "Health Care Professionals' Perceptions of the Role of the Clinical Pharmacist and Expanded Pharmacist Coverage in Critical Care." Can J Hosp Pharm 75(1): 41-45. [PubMed]

Kucukarslan, S. N., et al. (2013). "Evaluation of a dedicated pharmacist staffing model in the medical intensive care unit." Hosp Pharm 48(11): 922-930. [PubMed]

Al-Jazairi, A. S., et al. (2008). "The impact of clinical pharmacist in a cardiac-surgery intensive care unit." Saudi Med J 29(2): 277-281. [PubMed]

Lee, Y. and L. Gettman (2018). "Descriptive Analysis of Acceptance by Prescribers and Economic Benefit of Pharmacist Recommended Interventions in a Critical Care Unit." Innov Pharm 9(2): 1-20. [PubMed]

Richter, A., et al. (2016). "Impact of the introduction of a specialist critical care pharmacist on the level of pharmaceutical care provided to the critical care unit." Int J Pharm Pract 24(4): 253-261. [PubMed]

Patel, N. P., et al. (2006). "A prospective study of the impact of a critical care pharmacist assigned as a member of the multidisciplinary burn care team." J Burn Care Res 27(3): 310-313. [PubMed]

Murray, B., et al. (2021). "Action Plan for Successful Implementation of Optimal ICU Pharmacist Activities: Next Steps for the Critical Care Pharmacist Position Paper." Crit Care Med 49(2): e199-e200. [PubMed]

Miano, T. A. (2022). "Optimizing Pharmacist Impact in Critically Ill Patients: Is Medication Regimen Complexity the Answer?" Crit Care Med 50(9): 1399-1402. [PubMed]

Sloss, R., et al. (2022). "End-of-Life and Palliative Care in a Critical Care Setting: The Crucial Role of the Critical Care Pharmacist." Pharmacy (Basel) 10(5). [PubMed]

Michalets, E., et al. (2015). "Outcomes of expanded use of clinical pharmacist practitioners in addition to team-based care in a community health system intensive care unit." Am J Health Syst Pharm 72(1): 47-53. [PubMed]

Ivey, K. A. and S. Bolesta (2022). "Impact of Pharmacist Monitoring of Serum Triglycerides for Critically Ill Patients Receiving Propofol." J Pharm Pract: 8971900221134646. [PubMed]

Chaverri-Fernández, J. M., et al. (2022). "The Pharmacist's Role in the Implementation of FASTHUG-MAIDENS, a Mnemonic to Facilitate the Pharmacotherapy Assessment of Critically Ill Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study." Pharmacy (Basel) 10(4). [PubMed]

Ellinoy, B. R. (2001). "Critical care pharmacist: an essential intensivist." Crit Care Med 29(5): 1092-1093. [PubMed]

Ihara, K., et al. (2003). "[Active involvement of pharmacists in initial treatments for acute poisoning and overdosed patients in the intensive care unit]." Chudoku Kenkyu 16(4): 433-440. [PubMed]

Dager, W. E. and T. E. Albertson (1992). "Impact of therapeutic drug monitoring of intravenous theophylline regimens on serum theophylline concentrations in the medical intensive care unit." Ann Pharmacother 26(10): 1287-1291. [PubMed]

Chase, P. A. and J. Bainbridge (1993). "Care plan for documenting pharmacist activities." Am J Hosp Pharm 50(9): 1885-1888. [PubMed]

Alshami, A., et al. (2020). "Breaking Bad News, a Pertinent Yet Still an Overlooked Skill: An International Survey Study." Healthcare (Basel) 8(4). [PubMed]

Jourdan, J. P., et al. (2018). "Impact of pharmacist interventions on clinical outcome and cost avoidance in a university teaching hospital." Int J Clin Pharm 40(6): 1474-1481. [PubMed]

Groth, M. E., et al. (2015). "Pharmacist input into statewide treatment protocols for emergency medical services." Am J Health Syst Pharm 72(1): 61-63. [PubMed]

McCarthy, L., et al. (2022). "Impact of Pharmacist Intervention in Response to Automated Molecular Diagnostic Tests of Blood Culture Results." J Pharm Pract 35(1): 47-53. [PubMed]

Jacknin, G., et al. (2014). "Using pharmacists to optimize patient outcomes and costs in the ED." Am J Emerg Med 32(6): 673-677. [PubMed]

Smith, S. E., et al. (2021). "Pharmacist perceptions of CliftonStrengths(®) themes important for success in advanced cardiovascular life support." J Clin Pharm Ther 46(1): 143-148. [PubMed]

Berthouzoz, S., et al. (2012). "The hospital pharmacist: an important contributor to improved patient safety in the hospital." Chimia (Aarau) 66(5): 300-303. [PubMed]

Schwier, N. C. (2020). "Pharmacists' Role in the Management of Acute and Recurrent Pericarditis: Inpatient and Outpatient Perspectives." J Pharm Pract 33(6): 838-845. [PubMed]

Novais, T., et al. (2015). "[Technical criteria of central venous catheters: Anaesthesiologist/intensivist and pharmacist opinions]." Ann Pharm Fr 73(6): 471-481. [PubMed]

Tong, E. Y., et al. (2022). "Partnered pharmacist medication charting (PPMC) in regional and rural general medical patients." Aust J Rural Health. [PubMed]

Zhuo, Y., et al. (2022). "Effectiveness of clinical pharmacist-led smartphone application on medication adherence, insulin injection technique and glycemic control for women with gestational diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injection: A randomized clinical trial." Prim Care Diabetes 16(2): 264-270. [PubMed] 

Critical Care Pharmacy Services

MacLaren, R., et al. (2021). "Characterizing Critical Care Pharmacy Services Across the United States." Crit Care Explor 3(1): e0323. [Pubmed]

Lat, I., et al. (2020). "Position Paper on Critical Care Pharmacy Services: 2020 Update." Crit Care Med 48(9): e813-e834. [Pubmed]

Lat, I., et al. (2020). "Position Paper on Critical Care Pharmacy Services (Executive Summary): 2020 Update." Crit Care Med 48(9): 1375-1382. [Pubmed]

Erstad, B. L. (2008). "A primer on critical care pharmacy services." Ann Pharmacother 42(12): 1871-1881. [PubMed]

Maclaren, R., et al. (2006). "Critical care pharmacy services in United States hospitals." Ann Pharmacother 40(4): 612-618. [PubMed]

Chapuis, C., et al. (2019). "Integrating a pharmacist into an anaesthesiology and critical care department: Is this worthwhile?" Int J Clin Pharm 41(6): 1491-1498. [PubMed]

Barcode Medication Administration: Lessons Learned from an Intensive Care Unit Implementation. Advances in Patient Safety: From Research to Implementation (Volume 3: Implementation Issues). K. Henriksen, J. B. Battles, E. S. Marks and D. I. Lewin. Rockville (MD), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). [PubMed]

MacLaren, R., et al. (2013). "Clinical and financial impact of pharmacy services in the intensive care unit: pharmacist and prescriber perceptions." Pharmacotherapy 33(4): 401-410. [PubMed]

Bloom, S. L., et al. (2019). "Randomized Clinical Trial of an ICU Recovery Pilot Program for Survivors of Critical Illness." Crit Care Med 47(10): 1337-1345. [PubMed]

Hassan, E. (2000). "Critical care pharmacotherapy: issues and approaches." Curr Opin Crit Care 6(4): 299-303. [PubMed]

Chan, B., et al. (2018). "The SUMMIT ambulatory-ICU primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center: study design and rationale." Addict Sci Clin Pract 13(1): 27. [PubMed]

Kram, B. L., et al. (2019). "A Pharmacy-Based Electronic Handoff Tool to Reduce Discharge Prescribing of Atypical Antipsychotics Initiated in the Intensive Care Unit: A Quality Improvement Initiative." J Pharm Pract 32(4): 434-441. [PubMed]

Kilroy, R. A. and R. P. Iafrate (1993). "Provision of pharmaceutical care in the intensive care unit." Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 5(2): 221-225. [PubMed]

Zarowitz, B. J., et al. (1996). "Bar code documentation of pharmacotherapy services in intensive care units." Pharmacotherapy 16(2): 261-266. [PubMed]

(2000). "Position paper on critical care pharmacy services. Society of Critical Care Medicine and American College of Clinical Pharmacy." Pharmacotherapy 20(11): 1400-1406. [PubMed]

Dasta, J. F. (1992). "Critical care pharmacy update." Ann Pharmacother 26(6): 823-825. [PubMed]

Rudis, M. I. and K. M. Brandl (2000). "Position paper on critical care pharmacy services. Society of Critical Care Medicine and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Task Force on Critical Care Pharmacy Services." Crit Care Med 28(11): 3746-3750. [PubMed]

Sakata, K. K., et al. (2016). "Professional and interprofessional differences in electronic health records use and recognition of safety issues in critically ill patients." J Interprof Care 30(5): 636-642. [PubMed]

Cooper, S. L. and D. E. Zaske (1987). "Relationship between intensity of hospital services and pharmacy workload." Am J Hosp Pharm 44(10): 2267-2271. [PubMed]

Rajamani, A., et al. (2011). "The SCRIPT project: a knowledge translation approach to improve prescription practice in a general intensive care unit." Crit Care Resusc 13(4): 245-251. [PubMed]

Lehot, J. J., et al. (2010). "[How can we optimize medical orderings in intensive care unit (ICU)?]." Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 29(10): 682-686. [PubMed]

Matuszewski, K. A. and P. H. Vlasses (1995). "Survey results from academic health center intensive care units: considerations for departments of pharmacy." Clin Ther 17(3): 517-524; discussion 516. [PubMed]

Valenzuela Gámez, J. C., et al. (2005). "[A project for the implementation of a unit-dose drug dispensation system in an intensive care unit]." Farm Hosp 29(5): 318-322. [PubMed]

Almohammde, S., et al. (2021). "A survey of therapeutic drug monitoring in a teaching hospital." Saudi J Biol Sci 28(1): 744-747. [PubMed]

Sateren, L. A. and R. J. Streit (1986). "Decentralization of pharmaceutical services in a large hospital complex." Am J Hosp Pharm 43(11): 2785-2789. [PubMed]

Imai, T. (2017). "[Evaluation of Pharmacotherapy on Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine: The Influence of Intensity and Duration of Invasion]." Yakugaku Zasshi 137(12): 1427-1430. [PubMed]

Zarowitz, B. J., et al. (1993). "Bar-code technology applied to drug-use evaluation." Am J Hosp Pharm 50(5): 935-939. [PubMed]

Tokunaga, J., et al. (2013). "[Implementation of bedside training and advanced objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) trial to learn and confirm about pharmacy clinical skills]." Yakugaku Zasshi 133(2): 243-248. [PubMed]

Pedersen, C. A., et al. (2003). "ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: dispensing and administration--2002." Am J Health Syst Pharm 60(1): 52-68. [PubMed]

Pieragostini, R., et al. (2022). "[A check-list in order to optimise the deployment of computerized medicine cabinets in a hospital: An essential support]." Ann Pharm Fr 80(4): 570-575. [PubMed]

Sáez Belló, M., et al. (2016). "Clinical outcomes of the inclusion of the therapeutic drug monitoring report in the electronic clinical record." Farm Hosp 40(5): 341-351. [PubMed]

Anderegg, S. V., et al. (2014). "Effects of a hospitalwide pharmacy practice model change on readmission and return to emergency department rates." Am J Health Syst Pharm 71(17): 1469-1479. [PubMed]

Chanas, T., et al. (2020). "Clinical and Procedural Evaluation of a Pharmacy Pharmacokinetic Consult Service." J Pharm Pract 33(5): 618-627. [PubMed]

Galanter, W., et al. (2010). "Analysis of computer alerts suggesting oral medication use during computerized order entry of i.v. medications." Am J Health Syst Pharm 67(13): 1101-1105. [PubMed]

Smythe, M. A., et al. (1998). "Pharmaceutical care in medical progressive care patients." Ann Pharmacother 32(3): 294-299. [PubMed]

Education

Louzon, P. R., et al. (2020). "Framework and Outcomes of a Critical Care Pharmacy Visiting Clinical Professor Program." Crit Care Explor 2(6): e0137. [PubMed]

Copenhaver, A. M., et al. (2020). "Continuity of Specialty Pharmacy Practice: A Survey of PGY-2 Pharmacy Residency Graduates." J Pharm Pract 33(1): 15-20. [PubMed]

Lyman, B., et al. (2017). "Organizational Learning in a Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: A Learning History." Dimens Crit Care Nurs 36(2): 78-86. [PubMed]

Day, S. A., et al. (2015). "Major publications in the critical care pharmacotherapy literature: January-December 2014." Am J Health Syst Pharm 72(22): 1974-1985. [PubMed]

Rech, M. A., et al. (2015). "Major publications in the critical care pharmacotherapy literature: January-December 2013." Am J Health Syst Pharm 72(3): 224-236. [PubMed]

Kovacevic, P., et al. (2019). "Impact of weekly case-based tele-education on quality of care in a limited resource medical intensive care unit." Crit Care 23(1): 220. [PubMed]

Turck, C. J., et al. (2014). "Major publications in the critical care pharmacotherapy literature: February 2012 through February 2013." Am J Health Syst Pharm 71(1): 68-77. [PubMed]

Erstad, B. L., et al. (2009). "Key articles and guidelines relative to intensive care unit pharmacotherapy: 2009 update." Pharmacotherapy 29(10): 1228-1269. [PubMed]

Erstad, B. L., et al. (2005). "Key articles and guidelines relative to intensive care unit pharmacology--2004." Pharmacotherapy 25(4): 585-610. [PubMed]

(1995). "Guidelines for resident physician training in critical care medicine. Guidelines/Practice Parameters Committee, American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care Medicine." Crit Care Med 23(11): 1920-1923. [PubMed]

Reinaker, T. S. and K. M. Frock (2015). "Impact of nursing education by a pharmacist on sedation practice in a trauma surgical intensive care unit." J Trauma Nurs 22(2): 93-98. [PubMed]

Sumpton, J. E., et al. (1992). "The effect of physician education on knowledge of drug therapeutics and costs." Ann Pharmacother 26(5): 692-697. [PubMed]

Johnson, S. G., et al. (2019). "Exploring the relationship between examination pass rates and eligibility pathways among pharmacist candidates for initial board certification." J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 59(6): 792-796. [PubMed]

Bartel, B. J. (2014). "Impact of High-Fidelity Simulation and Pharmacist-Specific Didactic Lectures in Addition to ACLS Provider Certification on Pharmacy Resident ACLS Performance." J Pharm Pract 27(4): 412-415. [PubMed]

LaRochelle, J. M. and A. C. Karpinski (2021). "Evaluation of social phobia, comfort in communication, and interprofessional value during advanced pharmacy practice experiences: A focus on pharmacy student and medical resident interprofessional education." Curr Pharm Teach Learn 13(8): 1061-1066. [PubMed]

Celi, L. A., et al. (2012). "Collective Experience: A Database-Fuelled, Inter-Disciplinary Team-Led Learning System." J Comput Sci Eng 6(1): 51-59. [PubMed]

Kim, S., et al. (2013). "Pharmacist-led workshops to enhance pharmacotherapy knowledge for medical students." Teach Learn Med 25(2): 118-121. [PubMed]

Transition of Care

Rice, M., et al. (2021). "Pharmacy Personnel's Involvement in Transitions of Care of Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review." J Pharm Pract 34(1): 117-126. [PubMed]

Wills, B. M., et al. (2016). "Pharmacy impact on medication reconciliation in the medical intensive care unit." J Res Pharm Pract 5(2): 142-145. [PubMed]

Dabliz, R., et al. (2021). "Medication safety improvements during care transitions in an Australian intensive care unit following implementation of an electronic medication management system." Int J Med Inform 145: 104325. [PubMed]

Martirosov, A. L., et al. (2020). "Improving transitions of care for critically ill adult patients on pulmonary arterial hypertension medications." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(12): 958-965. [PubMed]

McCarthy, S., et al. (2022). "Transition of care from adult intensive care settings - implementing interventions to improve medication safety and patient outcomes." BMJ Qual Saf 31(8): 565-568. [PubMed]

Anthes, A. M., et al. (2013). "Improving adverse drug event detection in critically ill patients through screening intensive care unit transfer summaries." Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 22(5): 510-516. [PubMed]

Heselmans, A., et al. (2015). "Medication review by a clinical pharmacist at the transfer point from ICU to ward: a randomized controlled trial." J Clin Pharm Ther 40(5): 578-583. [PubMed]

Findlater, C. K., et al. (2022). "Implementation of a Meds to Beds Medication Use Program and Parent Experience at the Time of Transition From a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to Home." J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 27(4): 300-305. [PubMed]

Telepharmacy

Strnad, K., et al. (2018). "A Systematic Review of ICU and Non-ICU Clinical Pharmacy Services Using Telepharmacy." Ann Pharmacother 52(12): 1250-1258. [PubMed]

Kosmisky, D. E., et al. (2019). "Implementation, Evolution and Impact of ICU Telepharmacy Services Across a Health care System." Hosp Pharm 54(4): 232-240. [PubMed]

Meidl, T. M., et al. (2008). "Implementation of pharmacy services in a telemedicine intensive care unit." Am J Health Syst Pharm 65(15): 1464-1469. [PubMed]

Griffiths, C. L., et al. (2022). "Characterization of dayshift tele-ICU pharmacist activities." J Telemed Telecare 28(1): 77-80. [PubMed]

Forni, A., et al. (2010). "Evaluation of the impact of a tele-ICU pharmacist on the management of sedation in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients." Ann Pharmacother 44(3): 432-438. [PubMed]

Khoshnam-Rad, N., et al. (2022). "Rapid implementation of telepharmacy service to improve patient-centric care and multidisciplinary collaboration across hospitals in a COVID era: A cross-sectional qualitative study." Health Sci Rep 5(6): e851. [PubMed]

Keeys, C. A., et al. (2002). "Providing nighttime pharmaceutical services through telepharmacy." Am J Health Syst Pharm 59(8): 716-721. [PubMed]

Metrics and Quality Improvement

Newsome, A. S., et al. (2020). "Multicenter validation of a novel medication-regimen complexity scoring tool." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(6): 474-478. [PubMed]

Newsome, A. S., et al. (2019). "Characterization of changes in medication complexity using a modified scoring tool." Am J Health Syst Pharm 76(Supplement_4): S92-s95. [PubMed]

Owusu-Guha, J., et al. (2021). "Lean into Clinical Pharmacy: An Experience in Implementing Key Performance Indicators and Gemba Walks into Clinical Pharmacy Services." Innov Pharm 12(4). [PubMed]

Andrews, J. L., et al. (2021). "Impact of a Pharmacist-Led Intensive Care Unit Sleep Improvement Protocol on Sleep Duration and Quality." Ann Pharmacother 55(7): 863-869. [PubMed]

Ho, C. K., et al. (2013). "Assessment of clinical pharmacy interventions in the intensive care unit." Can J Hosp Pharm 66(4): 212-218. [PubMed]

Bauer, S. R. and S. L. Kane-Gill (2016). "Outcome Assessment of Critical Care Pharmacist Services." Hosp Pharm 51(7): 507-513. [PubMed]

Hermanspann, T., et al. (2019). "Evaluation to improve the quality of medication preparation and administration in pediatric and adult intensive care units." Drug Healthc Patient Saf 11: 11-18. [PubMed]

Edwards, C., et al. (2022). "Quality of critical care clinical practice guidelines involving pharmacotherapy recommendations." Am J Health Syst Pharm. [PubMed]

Randolph, A. G. and P. Pronovost (2002). "Reorganizing the delivery of intensive care could improve efficiency and save lives." J Eval Clin Pract 8(1): 1-8. [PubMed]

Kohn, R., et al. (2017). "Diffusion of Evidence-based Intensive Care Unit Organizational Practices. A State-Wide Analysis." Ann Am Thorac Soc 14(2): 254-261. [PubMed]

Attfield, E., et al. (2018). "Improving the Clinical Pharmacist Handover Process in the Intensive Care Unit with a Pharmacotherapy-Specific Tool: The I-HAPPY Study." Can J Hosp Pharm 71(2): 111-118. [PubMed]

Gwynn, M. E., et al. (2019). "Development and validation of a medication regimen complexity scoring tool for critically ill patients." Am J Health Syst Pharm 76(Supplement_2): S34-s40. [PubMed]

Erstad, B. L., et al. (2002). "Key articles and guidelines relative to intensive care unit pharmacology." Pharmacotherapy 22(12): 1594-1610. [PubMed]

Netzer, G., et al. (2011). "Decreased mortality resulting from a multicomponent intervention in a tertiary care medical intensive care unit." Crit Care Med 39(2): 284-293. [PubMed]

Bourne, R. S., et al. (2017). "Reliability of clinical impact grading by healthcare professionals of common prescribing error and optimisation cases in critical care patients." Int J Qual Health Care 29(2): 250-255. [PubMed]

Polischuk, E., et al. (2012). "Implementation of a standardized process for ordering and dispensing of high-alert emergency medication infusions." J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 17(2): 166-172. [PubMed]

Webb, A. J., et al. (2022). "A descriptive report of the rapid implementation of automated MRC-ICU calculations in the EMR of an academic medical center." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(12): 979-983. [PubMed]

Kjeldsen, L. J., et al. (2011). "Physicians' evaluation of clinical pharmacy revealed increased focus on quality improvement and cost savings." Dan Med Bull 58(5): A4261. [PubMed]

Govindan, S., et al. (2014). "Issues of survivorship are rarely addressed during intensive care unit stays. Baseline results from a statewide quality improvement collaborative." Ann Am Thorac Soc 11(4): 587-591. [PubMed]

Rollins, G. (2003). "National quality forum endorses four new patient safety practices." Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res 14(10): 10, 12. [PubMed]

Gurses, A. P., et al. (2008). "Systems ambiguity and guideline compliance: a qualitative study of how intensive care units follow evidence-based guidelines to reduce healthcare-associated infections." Qual Saf Health Care 17(5): 351-359. [PubMed]

Christoph, A., et al. (2015). "[Impact of an |A|B|S|-training initiative on |A|B|S|-structural quality of participating hospitals]." Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 109(7): 521-527. [PubMed]

Wang, H. F., et al. (2015). "Quality improvements in decreasing medication administration errors made by nursing staff in an academic medical center hospital: a trend analysis during the journey to Joint Commission International accreditation and in the post-accreditation era." Ther Clin Risk Manag 11: 393-406. [PubMed]

Peterson, K., et al. (2013). VA Evidence Synthesis Program Reports. Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Intensive Primary Care Programs. Washington (DC), Department of Veterans Affairs (US). [PubMed]

Economics

Baudouin, A., et al. (2021). "Economic impact of clinical pharmaceutical activities in hospital wards: A systematic review." Res Social Adm Pharm 17(3): 497-505. [PubMed]

Hammond, D. A., et al. (2019). "Scoping Review of Interventions Associated with Cost Avoidance Able to Be Performed in the Intensive Care Unit and Emergency Department." Pharmacotherapy 39(3): 215-231. [PubMed]

Flannery, A. H., et al. (2017). "Managing the Rising Costs and High Drug Expenditures in Critical Care Pharmacy Practice." Pharmacotherapy 37(1): 54-64. [PubMed]

Leguelinel-Blache, G., et al. (2018). "Impact of Quality Bundle Enforcement by a Critical Care Pharmacist on Patient Outcome and Costs." Crit Care Med 46(2): 199-207. [PubMed]

Mahmoudi, L., et al. (2019). "Economic impact of pharmacist interventions on correction of stress-related mucosal damage prophylaxis practice." Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 11: 111-116. [PubMed]

Saokaew, S., et al. (2009). "Impact of pharmacist's interventions on cost of drug therapy in intensive care unit." Pharm Pract (Granada) 7(2): 81-87. [PubMed]

Claus, B. O., et al. (2014). "Expected net benefit of clinical pharmacy in intensive care medicine: a randomized interventional comparative trial with matched before-and-after groups." J Eval Clin Pract 20(6): 1172-1179. [PubMed]

Barlow, B. T., et al. (2022). "Economic Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Led 5-Day Therapeutic Hold of IV Levothyroxine at an Academic Medical Center." Hosp Pharm 57(1): 20-25. [PubMed]

Stratton, T. P., et al. (1993). "Obtaining a critical care pharmacist position: a marketing case study." Can J Hosp Pharm 46(3): 109-114. [PubMed]

Shah, N. H., et al. (2016). "Reducing Cost and Intravenous Duration of Nicardipine in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients via an Interdisciplinary Approach." J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 25(9): 2290-2294. [PubMed]

Zarowitz, B. J., et al. (1997). "Retrospective pharmacoeconomic evaluation of dosing vecuronium by peripheral nerve stimulation versus standard clinical assessment in critically ill patients." Pharmacotherapy 17(2): 327-332. [PubMed]

Dasta, J. F. and D. K. Armstrong (1988). "Pharmacoeconomic impact of critically ill surgical patients." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 22(12): 994-998. [PubMed]

Schneider, P. J., et al. (1995). "Cost of medication-related problems at a university hospital." Am J Health Syst Pharm 52(21): 2415-2418. [PubMed]

Nana, B., et al. (2012). "Initiation of an emergency department pharmacy program during economically challenging times." Am J Health Syst Pharm 69(19): 1682-1686. [PubMed]

Lucca, J. M., et al. (2012). "Impact of clinical pharmacist interventions on the cost of drug therapy in intensive care units of a tertiary care teaching hospital." J Pharmacol Pharmacother 3(3): 242-247. [PubMed]

Etchells, E., et al. (2012). "Comparative economic analyses of patient safety improvement strategies in acute care: a systematic review." BMJ Qual Saf 21(6): 448-456. [PubMed]

Thomas, J. A., et al. (2000). "Improving pharmacy supply-chain management in the operating room." Healthc Financ Manage 54(12): 58-61. [PubMed]

Patel, T. S., et al. (2017). "Cost Analysis of Implementing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Plus Real-Time Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention for Bloodstream Infections." J Clin Microbiol 55(1): 60-67. [PubMed]

Herrick, J. D. and S. H. Manning (1985). "Monetary incentive for pharmacists to control drug costs." Am J Hosp Pharm 42(7): 1527-1532. [PubMed]

Medications

Medication Errors in the ICU

MacFie, C. C., et al. (2016). "An integrative review of drug errors in critical care." J Intensive Care Soc 17(1): 63-72. [PubMed]

Sutherland, A., et al. (2019). "Exploring the human factors of prescribing errors in paediatric intensive care units." Arch Dis Child 104(6): 588-595. [PubMed]

Zirpe, K. G., et al. (2020). "Incidence of Medication Error in Critical Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital: Where Do We Stand?" Indian J Crit Care Med 24(9): 799-803. [PubMed]

Bakker, T., et al. (2021). "Clinically relevant potential drug-drug interactions in intensive care patients: A large retrospective observational multicenter study." J Crit Care 62: 124-130. [PubMed]

Dodek, P., et al. (2019). "Moral distress in intensive care unit personnel is not consistently associated with adverse medication events and other adverse events." J Crit Care 53: 258-263. [PubMed]

Kloet, M. A., et al. (2017). "Prospective Assessment of Inpatient Boxed Warning Prescriber Adherence." J Patient Saf 13(1): 25-30. [PubMed]

Howlett, M. M., et al. (2018). "Defining electronic-prescribing and infusion-related medication errors in paediatric intensive care - a Delphi study." BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 18(1): 130. [PubMed]

Brennan-Bourdon, L. M., et al. (2020). "A study of medication errors during the prescription stage in the pediatric critical care services of a secondary-tertiary level public hospital." BMC Pediatr 20(1): 549. [PubMed]

Adapa, R. M., et al. (2012). "Errors during the preparation of drug infusions: a randomized controlled trial." Br J Anaesth 109(5): 729-734. [PubMed]

Chalasani, S. H. and M. Ramesh (2017). "Towards patient safety: assessment of medication errors in the intensive care unit in a developing country's tertiary care teaching hospital." Eur J Hosp Pharm 24(6): 361-365. [PubMed]

Benoit, E., et al. (2012). "[Medication errors on intensive care units: don't underestimate the risks due to transcription]." J Pharm Belg(1): 28-35. [PubMed]

Shulman, R., et al. (2005). "Medication errors: a prospective cohort study of hand-written and computerised physician order entry in the intensive care unit." Crit Care 9(5): R516-521. [PubMed]

Castillo, A. M., et al. (2018). "Assessing adherence to current national guidelines for appropriate albumin use at an academic medical center." Pharm Pract (Granada) 16(2): 1190. [PubMed]

Calabrese, A. D., et al. (2001). "Medication administration errors in adult patients in the ICU." Intensive Care Med 27(10): 1592-1598. [PubMed]

Tharanon, V., et al. (2022). "Drug-related problems identified during pharmaceutical care interventions in an intensive care unit at a tertiary university hospital." SAGE Open Med 10: 20503121221090881. [PubMed]

Moudgil, K., et al. (2021). "A Prospective Study on Medication Errors in an Intensive Care Unit." Turk J Pharm Sci 18(2): 228-232. [PubMed]

Marsilio, N. R., et al. (2016). "Drug incompatibilities in the adult intensive care unit of a university hospital." Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 28(2): 147-153. [PubMed]

Farzi, S., et al. (2017). "Causes of Medication Errors in Intensive Care Units from the Perspective of Healthcare Professionals." J Res Pharm Pract 6(3): 158-165. [PubMed]

Kadmon, G., et al. (2017). "Case Not Closed: Prescription Errors 12 Years after Computerized Physician Order Entry Implementation." J Pediatr 190: 236-240.e232. [PubMed]

Benkirane, R. R., et al. (2009). "Incidence of adverse drug events and medication errors in intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study." J Patient Saf 5(1): 16-22. [PubMed]

Aljadhey, H., et al. (2013). "Incidence of adverse drug events in an academic hospital: a prospective cohort study." Int J Qual Health Care 25(6): 648-655. [PubMed]

Marquet, K., et al. (2017). "A multicenter record review of in-hospital adverse drug events requiring a higher level of care." Acta Clin Belg 72(3): 156-162 [PubMed]

Hahn, M., et al. (2013). "[Drug-drug-interactions in psychiatry]." Psychiatr Prax 40(3): 154-158. [PubMed]

Kaushal, R., et al. (2001). "Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients." Jama 285(16): 2114-2120. [PubMed]

Bates, D. W., et al. (1995). "Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group." Jama 274(1): 29-34. [PubMed]

Hoover, J. G., et al. (2009). "Use of intravenous proton-pump inhibitors in a teaching hospital practice." Dig Dis Sci 54(9): 1947-1952. [PubMed]

 

Pharmacists and Medication Safety in the ICU

Irajpour, A., et al. (2019). "Effect of interprofessional education of medication safety program on the medication error of physicians and nurses in the intensive care units." J Educ Health Promot 8: 196. [PubMed]

Mersfelder, T. L., et al. (2019). "Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Driven Protocol to Reduce Inappropriate Use of Acid-Suppressive Medications In the Non-ICU Setting." P t 44(8): 471-473. [PubMed]

Bourne, R. S., et al. (2018). "Reducing medication errors in critical care patients: pharmacist key resources and relationship with medicines optimisation." Int J Pharm Pract 26(6): 534-540. [PubMed]

Toukhy, A., et al. (2021). "The Impact of an Established Pharmaceutical Care Pathway on Drug Related Problems in an Intensive Care Unit." Am J Med Sci 362(2): 143-153. [PubMed]

Bourne, R. S., et al. (2022). "Medication-related interventions to improve medication safety and patient outcomes on transition from adult intensive care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Qual Saf 31(8): 609-622. [PubMed]

Manias, E., et al. (2012). "Interventions to reduce medication errors in adult intensive care: a systematic review." Br J Clin Pharmacol 74(3): 411-423. [PubMed]

Li, X. X., et al. (2020). "Drug-Related Problems Identified During Pharmacy Intervention and Consultation: Implementation of an Intensive Care Unit Pharmaceutical Care Model." Front Pharmacol 11: 571906. [PubMed]

Chedoe, I., et al. (2007). "Incidence and nature of medication errors in neonatal intensive care with strategies to improve safety: a review of the current literature." Drug Saf 30(6): 503-513. [PubMed]

Otero, M. J., et al. (2021). "Assessment of the implementation of safe medication practices in Intensive Medicine Units." Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). [PubMed]

Wanat, M. A. and K. Fitousis (2019). "Comment: Critical Care Pharmacists and Medication Management in an ICU Recovery Center." Ann Pharmacother 53(1): 105. [PubMed]

Stollings, J. L., et al. (2019). "Reply: Critical Care Pharmacists and Medication Management in an ICU Recovery Center." Ann Pharmacother 53(1): 106. [PubMed]

Joseph, R., et al. (2020). "Impact of interoperability of smart infusion pumps and an electronic medical record in critical care." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(15): 1231-1236. [PubMed]

Ernst, A. A., et al. (2012). "On-site pharmacists in the ED improve medical errors." Am J Emerg Med 30(5): 717-725. [PubMed]

Leape, L. L., et al. (1999). "Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit." Jama 282(3): 267-270. [PubMed]

Wang, T., et al. (2015). "Effect of critical care pharmacist's intervention on medication errors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies." J Crit Care 30(5): 1101-1106. [PubMed]

Kessemeier, N., et al. (2019). "A new approach on assessing clinical pharmacists' impact on prescribing errors in a surgical intensive care unit." Int J Clin Pharm 41(5): 1184-1192. [PubMed]

Claus, B. O., et al. (2015). "Role of an electronic antimicrobial alert system in intensive care in dosing errors and pharmacist workload." Int J Clin Pharm 37(2): 387-394. [PubMed]

Otero, M. J., et al. (2022). "Assessment of the implementation of safe medication practices in Intensive Medicine Units." Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). [PubMed]

Cascone, A. E., et al. (2022). "Pharmacist-Initiated De-Prescribing Efforts Reduce Inappropriate Continuation of Acid-Suppression Therapy Initiated in the Intensive Care Unit." Am J Med. [PubMed]

Rivkin, A. and H. Yin (2011). "Evaluation of the role of the critical care pharmacist in identifying and avoiding or minimizing significant drug-drug interactions in medical intensive care patients." J Crit Care 26(1): 104.e101-106. [PubMed]

Bakker, T., et al. (2020). "Improving medication safety in the Intensive Care by identifying relevant drug-drug interactions - Results of a multicenter Delphi study." J Crit Care 57: 134-140. [PubMed]

Weant, K. A., et al. (2007). "Medication-error reporting and pharmacy resident experience during implementation of computerized prescriber order entry." Am J Health Syst Pharm 64(5): 526-530. [PubMed]

Benoit, E., et al. (2012). "Streamlining the medication process improves safety in the intensive care unit." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56(8): 966-975. [PubMed]

Jacobs, B. (2007). "Electronic medical record, error detection, and error reduction: a pediatric critical care perspective." Pediatr Crit Care Med 8(2 Suppl): S17-20. [PubMed]

DiPoto, J. P., et al. (2015). "Evaluation of an automated surveillance system using trigger alerts to prevent adverse drug events in the intensive care unit and general ward." Drug Saf 38(3): 311-317. [PubMed]

Simons, S. L. (2007). "Designing medication safety in the NICU." Neonatal Netw 26(6): 407-408. [PubMed]

Bertsche, T., et al. (2008). "Prevention of intravenous drug incompatibilities in an intensive care unit." Am J Health Syst Pharm 65(19): 1834-1840. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18796425/

Becerril Moreno, F., et al. (2013). "[Risk management at an Intensive Care Department: conciliation of medication]." Farm Hosp 37(6): 514-520. [PubMed]

Masson, S. C., et al. (2013). "Validity Evidence for FASTHUG-MAIDENS, a Mnemonic for Identifying Drug-Related Problems in the Intensive Care Unit." Can J Hosp Pharm 66(3): 157-162. [PubMed]

Nguyen, H. T., et al. (2014). "The effect of a clinical pharmacist-led training programme on intravenous medication errors: a controlled before and after study." BMJ Qual Saf 23(4): 319-324. [PubMed]

Ramos, G. V., et al. (2018). "Preventable adverse drug events in critically ill HIV patients: Is the detection of potential drug-drug interactions a useful tool?" Clinics (Sao Paulo) 73: e148. [PubMed]

Helmons, P. J., et al. (2009). "Effect of bar-code-assisted medication administration on medication administration errors and accuracy in multiple patient care areas." Am J Health Syst Pharm 66(13): 1202-1210. [PubMed]

Kane-Gill, S. L., et al. (2017). "Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline: Safe Medication Use in the ICU." Crit Care Med 45(9): 1546-1551. [PubMed]

Bullock, J., et al. (2006). "Standardizing IV infusion medication concentrations to reduce variability in medication errors." Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 18(4): 515-521. [PubMed]

Aghili, M. and M. Neelathahalli Kasturirangan (2021). "A clinical pharmacist-led integrated approach for evaluation of medication errors among medical intensive care unit patients." JBI Evid Implement 19(1): 21-30. [PubMed]

Martins, R. R., et al. (2019). "Impact of medication therapy management on pharmacotherapy safety in an intensive care unit." Int J Clin Pharm 41(1): 179-188. [PubMed]

Mohanna, Z., et al. (2022). "Investigation of interventions to reduce nurses' medication errors in adult intensive care units: A systematic review." Aust Crit Care 35(4): 466-479. [PubMed]

Alomar, M. J., et al. (2020). "Reducing Missed Medication Doses in Intensive Care Units: A Pharmacist-Led Intervention." J Res Pharm Pract 9(1): 36-43. [PubMed]

Robertson, K. E. (1996). "Process for preventing or identifying and resolving problems in drug therapy." Am J Health Syst Pharm 53(6): 639-650. [PubMed]

Musuuza, J. S., et al. (2021). "Feasibility of a pharmacy-led intervention to de-implement non-guideline-concordant proton pump inhibitor use." Implement Sci Commun 2(1): 59. [PubMed]

Chaitoff, A., et al. (2019). "Educational Targets to Reduce Medication Errors by General Surgery Residents." J Surg Educ 76(6): 1612-1621 [PubMed]

Laureau, M., et al. (2021). "Adverse Drug Events Detected by Clinical Pharmacists in an Emergency Department: A Prospective Monocentric Observational Study." J Patient Saf 17(8): e1040-e1049. [PubMed]

Ibáñez-Garcia, S., et al. (2019). "Development and Evaluation of a Clinical Decision Support System to Improve Medication Safety." Appl Clin Inform 10(3): 513-520. [PubMed]

Halbesleben, J. R., et al. (2010). "Rework and workarounds in nurse medication administration process: implications for work processes and patient safety." Health Care Manage Rev 35(2): 124-133. [PubMed]

Cunningham, K. J. (2012). "Analysis of clinical interventions and the impact of pediatric pharmacists on medication error prevention in a teaching hospital." J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 17(4): 365-373. [PubMed]

Manrique-Rodríguez, S., et al. (2012). "Smart pump alerts: all that glitters is not gold." Int J Med Inform 81(5): 344-350. [PubMed]

Nakatani, K., et al. (2019). "Improving the safety of high-concentration potassium chloride injection." BMJ Open Qual 8(2): e000666. [PubMed]

Garner, S. S., et al. (2015). "Prospective, controlled study of an intervention to reduce errors in neonatal antibiotic orders." J Perinatol 35(8): 631-635. [PubMed]

Hamblin, S., et al. (2012). "Prevention of adverse drug events and cost savings associated with PharmD interventions in an academic Level I trauma center: an evidence-based approach." J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73(6): 1484-1490. [PubMed]

 

Drug Shortages

Clark, S. L., et al. (2020). "Collaborative Management Strategies for Drug Shortages in Neurocritical Care." Neurocrit Care 32(1): 226-237. [PubMed]

Hughes, K. M., et al. (2015). "Impact of a Drug Shortage on Medication Errors and Clinical Outcomes in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit." J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 20(6): 453-461. [PubMed]

Pharmacist’s Management of Delirium, Analgesics and Sedatives

Campbell, N. L., et al. (2019). "Deprescribing in the Pharmacologic Management of Delirium: A Randomized Trial in the Intensive Care Unit." J Am Geriatr Soc 67(4): 695-702 [Pubmed]

Lightfoot, M., et al. (2019). "Clinical Pharmacist Impact on Intensive Care Unit Delirium: Intervention and Monitoring." Hosp Pharm 54(3): 180-185.[PubMed]

Sessler, C. N. and S. Pedram (2009). "Protocolized and target-based sedation and analgesia in the ICU." Crit Care Clin 25(3): 489-513, viii. [PubMed]

Kalabalik, J., et al. (2014). "Intensive care unit delirium: a review of the literature." J Pharm Pract 27(2): 195-207. [PubMed]

Sessler, C. N. and K. Varney (2008). "Patient-focused sedation and analgesia in the ICU." Chest 133(2): 552-565. [PubMed]

Schickli, M. A., et al. (2017). "Pharmacy-Driven Dexmedetomidine Stewardship and Appropriate Use Guidelines in a Community Hospital Setting." Ann Pharmacother 51(1): 27-32. [PubMed]

Erstad, B. L. (2019). "Attempts to Limit Opioid Prescribing in Critically Ill Patients: Not So Easy, Not So Fast." Ann Pharmacother 53(7): 716-725. [PubMed]

Zoremba, N., et al. (2018). "[Delirium in intensive care patients : A multiprofessional challenge]." Anaesthesist 67(11): 811-820. [PubMed]

Hahn, L., et al. (2013). "Pharmacist-developed sedation protocol and impact on ventilator days." J Pharm Pract 26(4): 406-408. [PubMed]

Maison, O., et al. (2020). "Compliance with sedation analgesia protocols: Do clinical pharmacists have an impact?" J Clin Pharm Ther 45(1): 59-64[PubMed]

Brophy, A., et al. (2019). "Prospective Observational Evaluation of Sedation and Pain Management Guideline Adherence Across New Jersey Intensive Care Units." J Pharm Pract 32(5): 529-533. [PubMed]

Patel, R. P., et al. (2009). "Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit: survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1384 healthcare professionals." Crit Care Med 37(3): 825-832. [PubMed]

Campbell, N. L., et al. (2011). "Improving delirium care in the intensive care unit: the design of a pragmatic study." Trials 12: 139. [PubMed]

Louzon, P., et al. (2017). "Impact of pharmacist management of pain, agitation, and delirium in the intensive care unit through participation in multidisciplinary bundle rounds." Am J Health Syst Pharm 74(4): 253-262. [PubMed]

Johnson, K., et al. (2016). "Early recognition of delirium in trauma patients." Intensive Crit Care Nurs 34: 20-24. [PubMed]

Devlin, J. W., et al. (1997). "The effect of ICU sedation guidelines and pharmacist interventions on clinical outcomes and drug cost." Ann Pharmacother 31(6): 689-695. [PubMed]

Bannon, L., et al. (2018). "Designing a nurse-delivered delirium bundle: What intensive care unit staff, survivors, and their families think?" Aust Crit Care 31(3): 174-179. [PubMed]

Sessler, C. N., et al. (2001). "Multidisciplinary management of sedation and analgesia in critical care." Semin Respir Crit Care Med 22(2): 211-226. [PubMed]

Pun, B. T. and J. Dunn (2007). "The sedation of critically ill adults: part 2: management." Am J Nurs 107(8): 40-49; quiz 50. [PubMed]

Marshall, J., et al. (2008). "Impact of a clinical pharmacist-enforced intensive care unit sedation protocol on duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay." Crit Care Med 36(2): 427-433. [PubMed]

Lizza, B. D., et al. (2018). "Impact of Multiple Daily Clinical Pharmacist-Enforced Assessments on Time in Target Sedation Range." J Pharm Pract 31(5): 445-449. [PubMed]

Blum, R. M., et al. (2013). "Implementation of a dexmedetomidine stewardship program at a tertiary academic medical center." Ann Pharmacother 47(11): 1400-1405. [PubMed]

Mo, Y., et al. (2017). "Practice Patterns and Opinions on Current Clinical Practice Guidelines Regarding the Management of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit." J Pharm Pract 30(2): 162-171. [PubMed]

Devlin, J. W., et al. (2011). "Current perceptions and practices surrounding the recognition and treatment of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 250 critical care pharmacists from eight states." Ann Pharmacother 45(10): 1217-1229. [PubMed]

Pun, B. T. and J. Dunn (2007). "The sedation of critically ill adults: Part 1: Assessment. The first in a two-part series focuses on assessing sedated patients in the ICU." Am J Nurs 107(7): 40-48; quiz 49. [PubMed]

Thomas, M., et al. (2010). "Development, dissemination and implementation of a sedation and analgesic guideline in a pediatric intensive care unit...it takes creativity and collaboration." Dynamics 21(4): 16-25. [PubMed]

Ely, E. W., et al. (2004). "Current opinions regarding the importance, diagnosis, and management of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 912 healthcare professionals." Crit Care Med 32(1): 106-112. [PubMed]

Devlin, J. W. and S. A. Nasraway, Jr. (2008). "Reversing oversedation in the intensive care unit: the role of pharmacists in energizing guideline efforts and overcoming protocol fatigue." Crit Care Med 36(2): 626-628. [PubMed]

Tanios, M. A., et al. (2009). "Perceived barriers to the use of sedation protocols and daily sedation interruption: a multidisciplinary survey." J Crit Care 24(1): 66-73. [PubMed]

Gill, K. V., et al. (2012). "Perceived versus actual sedation practices in adult intensive care unit patients receiving mechanical ventilation." Ann Pharmacother 46(10): 1331-1339. [PubMed]

Thiboutot, Z., et al. (2016). "Antipsychotic Drug Use and Screening for Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Canadian Intensive Care Units: An Observational Study." Can J Hosp Pharm 69(2): 107-113. [PubMed]

Gesin, G., et al. (2012). "Impact of a delirium screening tool and multifaceted education on nurses' knowledge of delirium and ability to evaluate it correctly." Am J Crit Care 21(1): e1-11. [PubMed]

Steineck, K. J., et al. (2014). "Evaluation of a pharmacist-managed methadone taper*." Pediatr Crit Care Med 15(3): 206-210. [PubMed]

Ford, J., et al. (2022). "Implementation of an Opioid Weaning Protocol at a Tertiary Care Children's Hospital." Hosp Pediatr. [PubMed]

Mill, D., et al. (2018). "Counting the cost of over-the-counter codeine containing analgesic misuse: A retrospective review of hospital admissions over a 5 year period." Drug Alcohol Rev 37(2): 247-256. [PubMed]

 

Pharmacist’s Role in Infectious Disease Stewardship

Ibrahim, K. H., et al. (2001). "Intensive care unit antimicrobial resistance and the role of the pharmacist." Crit Care Med 29(4 Suppl): N108-113. [PubMed]

Leache, L., et al. (2020). "Clinical and economic impact of clinical pharmacist interventions regarding antimicrobials on critically ill patients." Res Social Adm Pharm 16(9): 1285-1289. [PubMed]

Hashimoto, M., et al. (2022). "Impact of ward pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship in intensive care units." J Chemother: 1-10.[PubMed]

Walker, C. K., et al. (2021). "Antiretroviral Therapy Management in Adults With HIV During ICU Admission." J Pharm Pract: 8971900211000692. [PubMed]

Sheth, S., et al. (2020). "Pharmacist-Driven Implementation of Fast Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Improves Outcomes for Patients with Gram-Negative Bacteremia and Candidemia." Antimicrob Agents Chemother 64(9). [PubMed]

Flannery, A. H., et al. (2020). "Vancomycin Dosing Practices among Critical Care Pharmacists: A Survey of Society of Critical Care Medicine Pharmacists." Infect Dis (Auckl) 13: 1178633720952078. [PubMed]

Villanueva, R. D., et al. (2019). "Vancomycin dosing in critically ill trauma patients: The VANCTIC Study." J Trauma Acute Care Surg 87(5): 1164-1171. [PubMed]

Johnson, A. P. (2003). "Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit setting." Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 1(2): 253-260. [PubMed]

Marinucci, V., et al. (2022). "Pharmacist-Driven Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing for Pneumonia." Ann Pharmacother: 10600280221121144. [PubMed]

Kielstein, J. T. and O. Burkhardt (2011). "Dosing of antibiotics in critically ill patients undergoing renal replacement therapy." Curr Pharm Biotechnol 12(12): 2015-2019. [PubMed]

Barton, G. J., et al. (2020). "A survey of antibiotic administration practices involving patients with sepsis in UK critical care units." Int J Clin Pharm 42(1): 65-71. [PubMed]

Tabah, A., et al. (2015). "The ADMIN-ICU survey: a survey on antimicrobial dosing and monitoring in ICUs." J Antimicrob Chemother 70(9): 2671-2677. [PubMed]

Shawki, M. A., et al. (2021). "Antimicrobial stewardship solutions with a smart innovative tool." J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 61(5): 581-588.e581. [PubMed]

Kim, S. H., et al. (2021). "Effects of a comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship program in a surgical intensive care unit." Int J Infect Dis 108: 237-243. [PubMed] 

Subedi, B., et al. (2020). "Impact of Pharmacist-Led Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Pneumonia." Hosp Pharm 55(3): 204-210. [PubMed]

Chow, T. C. H., et al. (2020). "Vancomycin Prescribing Practices and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Critically Ill Neonatal and Pediatric Patients: A Survey of Physicians and Pharmacists in Hong Kong." Front Pediatr 8: 538298. [PubMed]

Shendy, E. M., et al. (2022). "Perceptions and attitudes of ICU physicians toward antibiotics prescribing and resistance: A cross-sectional study." PLoS One 17(9): e0273673. [PubMed]

DiazGranados, C. A. (2012). "Prospective audit for antimicrobial stewardship in intensive care: impact on resistance and clinical outcomes." Am J Infect Control 40(6): 526-529. [PubMed]

Zhou, J. J., et al. (2013). "Clinicians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units." Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 34(3): 274-283. [PubMed]

Paterson, D. L. (2003). "Restrictive antibiotic policies are appropriate in intensive care units." Crit Care Med 31(1 Suppl): S25-28. [PubMed]

Hasegawa, S., et al. (2021). "Antimicrobial Time-Out for Vancomycin by Infectious Disease Physicians Versus Clinical Pharmacists: A Before-After Crossover Trial." Open Forum Infect Dis 8(6): ofab125. [PubMed]

Johnston, J. P., et al. (2021). "The Prevalence of Drug-Drug Interactions with Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in the Intensive Care Unit." J Pharm Pract: 8971900211035262. [PubMed]

Ijo, I. and J. Feyerharm (2011). "Pharmacy intervention on antimicrobial management of critically ill patients." Pharm Pract (Granada) 9(2): 106-109. [PubMed]

Diep, C., et al. (2021). "Effect of rapid methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal polymerase chain reaction screening on vancomycin use in the intensive care unit." Am J Health Syst Pharm 78(24): 2236-2244. [PubMed]

Kollef, M. H. (2001). "Optimizing antibiotic therapy in the intensive care unit setting." Crit Care 5(4): 189-195. [PubMed]

Han, Z., et al. (2017). "Impact of Pharmacy Practice Model Expansion on Pharmacokinetic Services: Optimization of Vancomycin Dosing and Improved Patient Safety." Hosp Pharm 52(4): 273-279. [PubMed]

Taggart, L. R., et al. (2015). "Differential outcome of an antimicrobial stewardship audit and feedback program in two intensive care units: a controlled interrupted time series study." BMC Infect Dis 15: 480. [PubMed]

Hussain, K., et al. (2020). "An antibiotic stewardship program in a surgical ICU of a resource-limited country: financial impact with improved clinical outcomes." J Pharm Policy Pract 13: 69. [PubMed]

Mei, J. P., et al. (2016). "Survey of pharmacists’ antibiotic dosing recommendations for sustained low-efficiency dialysis." Int J Clin Pharm 38(1): 127-134. [PubMed]

Barreto, E. F., et al. (2021). "Provider perspectives on beta-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring programs in the critically ill: a protocol for a multicenter mixed-methods study." Implement Sci Commun 2(1): 34. [PubMed]

Lam, S. W. and S. N. Bass (2019). "Advancing Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Testing and Applications to Antimicrobial Therapy in the ICU." J Pharm Pract 32(3): 327-338. [PubMed]

Ewoldt, T. M. J., et al. (2022). "Barriers and facilitators for therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactams and ciprofloxacin in the ICU: a nationwide cross-sectional study." BMC Infect Dis 22(1): 611. [PubMed]

Jiang, S. P., et al. (2014). "Improving antimicrobial dosing in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration and the effect of pharmacist dosing adjustment." Eur J Intern Med 25(10): 930-935. [PubMed]

Tavakoli-Ardakani, M., et al. (2015). "Effects of Pharmacist Intervention on the Utilization of Vancomycin in a Teaching Hospital." Iran J Pharm Res 14(4): 1281-1288. [PubMed]

Francis, J. J., et al. (2014). "Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill patients treated in intensive care units: a mixed-methods feasibility study (the SuDDICU study)." Health Technol Assess 18(25): 1-170. [PubMed]

Hammond, D. A., et al. (2016). "Impact of Targeted Educational Interventions on Clostridium difficile Infection Treatment in Critically Ill Adults." Hosp Pharm 51(11): 901-906. [PubMed]

Wasserfallen, J. B., et al. (2004). "Format of medical order sheet improves security of antibiotics prescription: The experience of an intensive care unit." Crit Care Med 32(3): 655-659. [PubMed]

Chung, D., et al. (2022). "Evaluation of pharmacist time dedicated to vancomycin dosing in adult patients using a 24-hour AUC nomogram or trough monitoring approach: A time motion study." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(14): 1173-1179. [PubMed]

Cairns, K. A., et al. (2016). "ICU antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) rounds: the daily activities of an AMS service." Int J Antimicrob Agents 48(5): 575-576. [PubMed]

Wade, W. E. and C. Y. McCall (1995). "Pharmacist-managed aminoglycoside therapy in combination with a beta-lactam agent in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients." Pharmacotherapy 15(2): 216-219. [PubMed]

Lancaster, J. W., et al. (2008). "Impact of an institution-specific hospital-acquired pneumonia protocol on the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and patient outcomes." Pharmacotherapy 28(7): 852-862. [PubMed]

Wilke, K. and K. de With (2015). "[Documentation of Antibiotic Stewardship (ABS)-interventions during proactive audit of antibiotic use]." Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 109(7): 528-534. [PubMed]

Fica, A., et al. (2020). "Penicillin desensitization in allergic pregnant women with syphilis. Report of two cases." Rev Med Chil 148(3): 344-348. [PubMed]

Zaragoza, R., et al. (2017). "EPICO 4.0. 'Total quality' in the management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients by analysing the integrated process." Rev Iberoam Micol 34(3): 143-157. [PubMed]

Swoboda, S., et al. (2009). "Implementation of practice guidelines for antifungal therapy in a surgical intensive care unit and its impact on use and costs." Chemotherapy 55(6): 418-424. [PubMed]

Wang, F., et al. (2020). "Anti-infective treatment of purulent meningitis caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a newborn: a case report." Transl Pediatr 9(5): 713-719. [PubMed]

Levin, D., et al. (2016). "Pharmacist and Physician Collaborative Practice Model Improves Vancomycin Dosing in an Intensive Care Unit." Int J Clin Med 7(10): 675-684. [PubMed]

DeSear, K. E., et al. (2021). "Decreased antibiotic exposure using a procalcitonin protocol for respiratory infections and sepsis in US community hospitals (ProCommunity)." Curr Med Res Opin 37(5): 727-733. [PubMed]

German, G. J., et al. (2021). "The 2018 Global Point Prevalence Survey of antimicrobial consumption and resistance in 47 Canadian hospitals: a cross-sectional survey." CMAJ Open 9(4): E1242-e1251. [PubMed]

Li, Z., et al. (2017). "Pharmacist-driven antimicrobial stewardship in intensive care units in East China: A multicenter prospective cohort study." Am J Infect Control 45(9): 983-989. [PubMed]

Kincaid, S. E. (2010). "Clostridium difficile-associated disease: impact of the updated SHEA/IDSA guidelines." Consult Pharm 25(12): 834-836. [PubMed]

Wade, W. E., et al. (1994). "Aminoglycoside dosing in the critical care patient: a case report of tertiary pharmaceutical care." Heart Lung 23(3): 259-262. [PubMed]

Tsuji, B. T., et al. (2019). "International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP)." Pharmacotherapy 39(1): 10-39. [PubMed]

Lawton, R. M., et al. (2000). "Practices to improve antimicrobial use at 47 US hospitals: the status of the 1997 SHEA/IDSA position paper recommendations. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Infectious Diseases Society of America." Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21(4): 256-259. [PubMed]

Momanyi, L., et al. (2019). "Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns at a Leading Referral Hospital in Kenya: A Point Prevalence Survey." J Res Pharm Pract 8(3): 149-154. [PubMed]

Shah, P. J., et al. (2020). "Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Treated With Investigational Artesunate in the United States." J Pharm Pract 33(1): 108-112. [PubMed]

Tang, S. J., et al. (2019). "Impact of Hospitalist-Led Interdisciplinary Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions at an Academic Medical Center." Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 45(3): 207-216. [PubMed]

Imaura, M. (2017). "[Effects of Pharmacist Intervention on the Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Critically Ill Patients]." Yakugaku Zasshi 137(12): 1431-1437. [PubMed]

Welch, H. K., et al. (2016). "Effect of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on outcomes for patients with Clostridium difficile infection." Am J Infect Control 44(12): 1539-1543. [PubMed]

Wong, A., et al. (2017). "Dosing Practices of Intravenous Acyclovir for Herpes Encephalitis in Obesity: Results of a Pharmacist Survey." J Pharm Pract 30(3): 324-328. [PubMed]

Mas-Morey, P., et al. (2018). "Impact of clinical pharmacist intervention on antimicrobial use in a small 164-bed hospital." Eur J Hosp Pharm 25(e1): e46-e51. [PubMed]

Beganovic, M., et al. (2017). "Effect of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Alone versus MALDI-TOF MS Combined with Real-Time Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions on Time to Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Positive Blood Cultures." J Clin Microbiol 55(5): 1437-1445. [PubMed]

Siegfried, J., et al. (2017). "Role of postgraduate year 2 pharmacy residents in providing weekend antimicrobial stewardship coverage in an academic medical center." Am J Health Syst Pharm 74(6): 417-423. [PubMed]

Almulhim, A. S., et al. (2020). "Pharmacists' Knowledge About the Impact of Augmented Renal Clearance on Antimicrobial Dosing in Critically Ill Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study." Infect Dis Ther 9(3): 599-608. [PubMed]

Sango, A., et al. (2013). "Stewardship approach for optimizing antimicrobial therapy through use of a rapid microarray assay on blood cultures positive for Enterococcus species." J Clin Microbiol 51(12): 4008-4011. [PubMed]

Welty, T. E. and A. K. Copa (1994). "Impact of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring on patient care." Ann Pharmacother 28(12): 1335-1339. [PubMed]

Cies, J. J. and V. Shankar (2013). "Nephrotoxicity in patients with vancomycin trough concentrations of 15-20 μg/ml in a pediatric intensive care unit." Pharmacotherapy 33(4): 392-400. [PubMed]

Cantey, J. B., et al. (2017). "Prevalence, Characteristics, and Perception of Nursery Antibiotic Stewardship Coverage in the United States." J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 6(3): e30-e35. [PubMed]

Yoshida, J., et al. (2008). "Risk factors for central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection: a 1073-patient study." J Infect Chemother 14(6): 399-403. [PubMed]

Sadyrbaeva-Dolgova, S., et al. (2020). "Pharmacist recommendations for carbapenem de-escalation in urinary tract infection within an antimicrobial stewardship program." J Infect Public Health 13(4): 558-563. [PubMed]

Malani, A. N., et al. (2013). "Clinical and economic outcomes from a community hospital's antimicrobial stewardship program." Am J Infect Control 41(2): 145-148. [PubMed]

Morris, A. M., et al. (2019). "Long-Term Effects of Phased Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Academic ICUs: 2007-2015." Crit Care Med 47(2): 159-166. [PubMed]

Tischendorf, J., et al. (2020). "Evaluation of a successful fluoroquinolone restriction intervention among high-risk patients: A mixed-methods study." PLoS One 15(8): e0237987. [PubMed]

Morris-Downes, M., et al. (2010). "Surveillance and endemic vancomycin-resistant enterococci: some success in control is possible." J Hosp Infect 75(3): 228-233. [PubMed]

Turner, R. B., et al. (2017). "Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Antibiotic Use at a Nonfreestanding Children's Hospital." J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 6(3): e36-e40. [PubMed]

Hartley, S. E., et al. (2016). "Evaluating a Hospitalist-Based Intervention to Decrease Unnecessary Antimicrobial Use in Patients With Asymptomatic Bacteriuria." Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 37(9): 1044-1051. [PubMed]

DeWitt, K. M., et al. (2016). "Impact of an emergency medicine pharmacist on antibiotic dosing adjustment." Am J Emerg Med 34(6): 980-984. [PubMed]

Özger, H. S., et al. (2020). "Inapropriate use of antibiotics effective against gram positive microorganisms despite restrictive antibiotic policies in ICUs: a prospective observational study." BMC Infect Dis 20(1): 289. [PubMed]

Okumura, L. M., et al. (2015). "Effects of a bundled Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on mortality: a cohort study." Braz J Infect Dis 19(3): 246-252. [PubMed]

Metan, G., et al. (2017). "A change for the antibacterial treatment policy to decrease carbapenem consumption at a haematopoietic stem cell transplantation centre." Infez Med 25(1): 33-37. [PubMed]

Burgess, D. S. and J. S. Lewis, 2nd (2000). "Effect of macrolides as part of initial empiric therapy on medical outcomes for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia." Clin Ther 22(7): 872-878. [PubMed]

Nutrition

Peterson, S. and Y. Chen (2010). "Systemic approach to parenteral nutrition in the ICU." Curr Drug Saf 5(1): 33-40. [PubMed]

Nieto-Gómez, P., et al. (2021). "Evaluation of quality indicators for nutrition and metabolism in critically ill patients: role of the pharmacist." Eur J Hosp Pharm 28(Suppl 2): e62-e65. [PubMed]

Mulherin, D. W. and S. V. Cogle (2017). "Updates in Nutrition Support for Critically Ill Adult Patients." Hosp Pharm 52(1): 17-26. [PubMed]

Lee, J. S., et al. (2018). "Nutrition and Clinical Outcomes of Nutrition Support in Multidisciplinary Team for Critically Ill Patients." Nutr Clin Pract 33(5): 633-639. [PubMed]

Shafiekhani, M., et al. (2022). "The experience and outcomes of multidisciplinary clinical pharmacist-led parenteral nutrition service for individuals with intestinal failure in a center without home parenteral nutrition." Eur J Clin Nutr 76(6): 841-847. [PubMed]

Broyles, J. E., et al. (1991). "Pharmacist interventions improve fluid balance in fluid-restricted patients requiring parenteral nutrition." Dicp 25(2): 119-122. [PubMed]

Dickerson, R. N., et al. (2014). "Significant publications for pharmacy nutrition support practice in 2013." Hosp Pharm 49(8): 717-730. [PubMed]

Puangco, M. A., et al. (1997). "Computerized PN ordering optimizes timely nutrition therapy in a neonatal intensive care unit." J Am Diet Assoc 97(3): 258-261. [PubMed]

Hermanspann, T., et al. (2017). "Incidence and Severity of Prescribing Errors in Parenteral Nutrition for Pediatric Inpatients at a Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit." Front Pediatr 5: 149. [PubMed]

Dickerson, R. N., et al. (2019). "Significant Published Articles for Pharmacy Nutrition Support Practice in 2018." Hosp Pharm 54(5): 285-293. [PubMed]

Dickerson, R. N., et al. (2021). "Significant Published Articles in 2020 for Pharmacy Nutrition Support Practice." Hosp Pharm 56(5): 466-473. [PubMed]

Dickerson, R. N., et al. (2022). "Significant Published Articles in 2021 for Pharmacy Nutrition Support Practice." Hosp Pharm 57(5): 673-680. [PubMed]

Dickerson, R. N., et al. (2020). "Significant Published Articles for Pharmacy Nutrition Support Practice in 2019." Hosp Pharm 55(6): 373-381. [PubMed]

Hossaini Alhashemi, S., et al. (2019). "Improving knowledge, attitudes, and practice of nurses in medication administration through enteral feeding tubes by clinical pharmacists: a case-control study." Adv Med Educ Pract 10: 493-500. [PubMed]

Bistrian, B. R. (2009). "Brief history of parenteral and enteral nutrition in the hospital in the USA." Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme 12: 127-136. [PubMed]

Wenzler, E., et al. (2018). "Clinical use of the polymyxins: the tale of the fox and the cat." Int J Antimicrob Agents 51(5): 700-706. [PubMed]

Martínez Sanz, H., et al. (2000). "[Follow-up of drug administration through nasogastric tube: development of a practice guideline]." Nutr Hosp 15(6): 291-301. [PubMed]

Sommer, I., et al. (2021). "Parenteral Nutrition Process Management for Newborn and Preterm Infants - A Preliminary Risk Analysis." Ther Clin Risk Manag 17: 497-506. [PubMed]

Insulin

Scheuren, L., et al. (2006). "Pharmacist designed and nursing-driven insulin infusion protocol to achieve and maintain glycemic control in critical care patients." J Trauma Nurs 13(3): 140-145. [PubMed]

Rea, R. S., et al. (2007). "Implementing an intravenous insulin infusion protocol in the intensive care unit." Am J Health Syst Pharm 64(4): 385-395. [PubMed]

Arif, S. A. and A. K. Escaño (2010). "Barriers to Implementing an Insulin Order Form In a Non-ICU Medical Unit." P t 35(1): 30-42. [PubMed]

Ramos, P., et al. (2010). "Maintaining glycemic control when transitioning from infusion insulin: a protocol-driven, multidisciplinary approach." J Hosp Med 5(8): 446-451. [PubMed]

Gerhardt, J. M., et al. (2022). "Development of a pharmacist-managed protocol for the transition from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin in critically ill adults." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(Suppl 3): S86-s93. [PubMed]

Defayette, A. A., et al. (2020). "Evaluation of a Computerized Insulin Dosing Tool for the Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis." J Pharm Pract 33(6): 768-773. [PubMed]

 

Fluid Management

Hawkins, W. A., et al. (2020). "Fluid Stewardship During Critical Illness: A Call to Action." J Pharm Pract 33(6): 863-873. [PubMed]

Kurttila, M., et al. (2021). "Describing voluntarily reported fluid therapy incidents in the care of critically ill patients: Identifying, and learning from, points of risk at the national level." Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm 2: 100012. [PubMed]

Hawkins, W. A., et al. (2022). "From theory to bedside: Implementation of fluid stewardship in a medical ICU pharmacy practice." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(12): 984-992. [PubMed]

Thompson, W. L. and T. D. Feer (1980). "Incomplete mixing of drugs in intravenous infusions." Crit Care Med 8(11): 603-607. [PubMed]

Diehl, L. D., et al. (1992). "Reducing waste of intravenous solutions." Am J Hosp Pharm 49(1): 106-108. [PubMed]

Intensive Care Unit Specialties and Disease-specific Care

Sepsis

Bissell, B. D. and B. Mefford (2020). "Pathophysiology of Volume Administration in Septic Shock and the Role of the Clinical Pharmacist." Ann Pharmacother 54(4): 388-396. [PubMed]

Smith, S. E., et al. (2019). "Prescribing of Pressor Agents in Septic Shock: A Survey of Critical Care Pharmacists." J Pharm Technol 35(5): 187-193.[PubMed]

Willmon, J., et al. (2021). "Impact of Pharmacist-Directed Simplified Procalcitonin Algorithm on Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis." Hosp Pharm 56(5): 501-506. [PubMed]

Beardsley, J. R., et al. (2016). "Pharmacist involvement in a multidisciplinary initiative to reduce sepsis-related mortality." Am J Health Syst Pharm 73(3): 143-149. [PubMed]

Laine, M. E., et al. (2018). "Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Selection and Timing of Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy in Septic Shock." J Pharm Pract 31(1): 46-51. [PubMed]

Jiang, S. P., et al. (2013). "Impact of pharmacist antimicrobial dosing adjustments in septic patients on continuous renal replacement therapy in an intensive care unit." Scand J Infect Dis 45(12): 891-899. [PubMed]

Chan, A. L., et al. (2009). "Pharmacist intervention in activated protein C therapy for severe sepsis: influence on health and economic outcomes." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 47(4): 229-235. [PubMed]

Caribé, R. A., et al. (2013). "[Potential drug interactions in patients with sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit]." Farm Hosp 37(5): 383-387. [PubMed]

Chanas, T., et al. (2019). "Analysis of a new best-practice advisory on time to initiation of antibiotics in surgical intensive care unit patients with septic shock." J Intensive Care Soc 20(1): 34-39. [PubMed] 

Sparrow, A., et al. (2002). "Choice of fluid for resuscitation of septic shock." Emerg Med J 19(2): 114-116. [PubMed]

Jacobs, S., et al. (2003). "Fluconazole improves survival in septic shock: a randomized double-blind prospective study." Crit Care Med 31(7): 1938-1946. [PubMed]

Annane, D., et al. (2018). "A global perspective on vasoactive agents in shock." Intensive Care Med 44(6): 833-846. [PubMed]

Cavanaugh, J. B., Jr., et al. (2017). "Importance of Pharmacy Involvement in the Treatment of Sepsis." Hosp Pharm 52(3): 191-197. [PubMed]

Richter, D. C., et al. (2017). "[Bacterial sepsis : Diagnostics and calculated antibiotic therapy]." Anaesthesist 66(10): 737-761. [PubMed]

Richter, D. C., et al. (2019). "Bacterial sepsis : Diagnostics and calculated antibiotic therapy." Anaesthesist 68(Suppl 1): 40-62. [PubMed]

Micek, S. T., et al. (2014). "Effects of empiric antifungal therapy for septic shock on time to appropriate therapy for Candida infection: a pilot study." Clin Ther 36(9): 1226-1232. [PubMed]

Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis

Xu, P., et al. (2021). "Pharmacist-Led Intervention on the Inappropriate Use of Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis Pharmacotherapy in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic review." Front Pharmacol 12: 741724. [PubMed]

Biyase, N., et al. (2021). "Stress ulcer prophylaxis use in critical care units at public hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa." South Afr J Crit Care 37(1). [PubMed]

Rafinazari, N., et al. (2016). "Adherence to stress-related mucosal damage prophylaxis guideline in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit." J Res Pharm Pract 5(3): 186-192. [PubMed]

Hatch, J. B., et al. (2010). "Stress ulcer prophylaxis: reducing non-indicated prescribing after hospital discharge." Ann Pharmacother 44(10): 1565-1571. [PubMed]

Tasaka, C. L., et al. (2014). "An interprofessional approach to reducing the overutilization of stress ulcer prophylaxis in adult medical and surgical intensive care units." Ann Pharmacother 48(4): 462-469. [PubMed]

Buckley, M. S., et al. (2015). "Impact of a clinical pharmacist stress ulcer prophylaxis management program on inappropriate use in hospitalized patients." Am J Med 128(8): 905-913. [PubMed]

Masood, U., et al. (2018). "A Successful Pharmacist-Based Quality Initiative to Reduce Inappropriate Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis Use in an Academic Medical Intensive Care Unit." Inquiry 55: 46958018759116 [PubMed]

Malhis, A., et al. (2019). "Appropriateness of Acid-suppressing Agents for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Non-intensive Care Unit Setting in Saudi Arabia." J Pharm Bioallied Sci 11(1): 96-101. [PubMed]

Belfield, K. D., et al. (2017). "Impact of A Collaborative Strategy to Reduce the Inappropriate Use of Acid Suppressive Therapy in Non-Intensive Care Unit Patients." Ann Pharmacother 51(7): 577-583. [PubMed]

Frandah, W., et al. (2014). "Patterns of use of prophylaxis for stress-related mucosal disease in patients admitted to the intensive care unit." J Intensive Care Med 29(2): 96-103. [PubMed]

Farsaei, S., et al. (2017). "Variables Associated with Adherence to Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Patients Admitted to the General Hospital Wards: A Prospective Study." Adv Pharm Bull 7(1): 73-80. [PubMed]

Constantin, V. D., et al. (2009). "Multimodal management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by stress gastropathy." J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 18(3): 279-284. [PubMed]

Bez, C., et al. (2013). "Stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation of current practice in a general surgery department." J Eval Clin Pract 19(2): 374-378. [PubMed]

Anstey, M. H., et al. (2019). "Clinical and economic benefits of de-escalating stress ulcer prophylaxis therapy in the intensive care unit: A quality improvement study." Anaesth Intensive Care 47(6): 503-509. [PubMed]

Prevost, S. S. and A. Oberle (1993). "Stress ulceration in the critically ill patient." Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 5(1): 163-169. [PubMed]

Hatton, J. (1992). "Multidisciplinary drug-use evaluation for stress ulcer prophylaxis." Am J Hosp Pharm 49(6): 1440-1444. [PubMed]

Hughes, G. J., et al. (2011). "The impact of pharmacist interventions on the inappropriate use of acid-suppression therapy." Consult Pharm 26(7): 485-490. [PubMed]

Redfern, R. E., et al. (2015). "Overuse of Acid-Suppression Therapy at an Urban Tertiary Hospital." South Med J 108(12): 732-738. [PubMed]

Khalili, H., et al. (2010). "Descriptive analysis of a clinical pharmacy intervention to improve the appropriate use of stress ulcer prophylaxis in a hospital infectious disease ward." J Manag Care Pharm 16(2): 114-121. [PubMed]

Agee, C., et al. (2015). "Effects of pharmacy resident led education on resident physician prescribing habits associated with stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-intensive care unit patients." Am J Health Syst Pharm 72(11 Suppl 1): S48-52. [PubMed]

Ventilation

Cawley, M. J. (2007). "Mechanical ventilation: a tutorial for pharmacists." Pharmacotherapy 27(2): 250-266. [Pubmed]

Newsome, A. S., et al. (2018). "Complications and Pharmacologic Interventions of Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation During Critical Illness." J Pharm Technol 34(4): 153-170. [PubMed] 

Cawley, M. J. (2019). "Advanced Modes of Mechanical Ventilation: Introduction for the Critical Care Pharmacist." J Pharm Pract 32(2): 186-198. [PubMed]

Wall, R. J., et al. (2008). "Evidence-based algorithms for diagnosing and treating ventilator-associated pneumonia." J Hosp Med 3(5): 409-422. [PubMed]

Mancheril, B., et al. (2021). "Impact of a Real-Time, Pharmacist-Led, Intensive Care Unit-Based Feedback Intervention on Analgesia and Sedation Quality Among Mechanically Ventilated Patients." J Nurs Care Qual 36(3): 242-248. [PubMed]

Ibrahim, E. H. and M. H. Kollef (2001). "Using protocols to improve the outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients. Focus on weaning and sedation." Crit Care Clin 17(4): 989-1001. [PubMed]

Trupka, T., et al. (2017). "Enhanced antimicrobial de-escalation for pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a cross-over study." Crit Care 21(1): 180. [PubMed]

Safdar, N., et al. (2016). "Management of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units: a mixed methods study assessing barriers and facilitators to guideline adherence." BMC Infect Dis 16: 349. [PubMed]

Wheeler, K. E., et al. (2016). "Use of probiotics to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: A survey of pharmacists' attitudes." J Crit Care 31(1): 221-226. [PubMed]

Kaye, J., et al. (2000). "Critical care bug team: a multidisciplinary team approach to reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia." Am J Infect Control 28(2): 197-201. [PubMed]

Tsai, M. J., et al. (2013). "Outcomes of the patients in the respiratory care center are not associated with the seniority of the caring resident." Kaohsiung J Med Sci 29(1): 43-49. [PubMed]

Kenaa, B., et al. (2022). "A qualitative assessment of the diagnosis and management of ventilator-associated pneumonia among critical care clinicians exploring opportunities for diagnostic stewardship." Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 43(3): 284-290. [PubMed]

Torbic, H., et al. (2017). "Perceived safety and efficacy of neuromuscular blockers for acute respiratory distress syndrome among medical intensive care unit practitioners: A multicenter survey." J Crit Care 38: 278-283. [PubMed]

Mackenzie, S. L., et al. (2005). "Implementation of a nutrition support protocol increases the proportion of mechanically ventilated patients reaching enteral nutrition targets in the adult intensive care unit." JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 29(2): 74-80. [PubMed]

Oxman, D. A., et al. (2015). "Improving Antibiotic De-Escalation in Suspected Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: An Observational Study With a Pharmacist-Driven Intervention." J Pharm Pract 28(5): 457-461. [PubMed]

Gorman, S. K., et al. (2009). "Identifying missed opportunities to curtail antimicrobial therapy for presumed ventilator-associated pneumonia using the clinical pulmonary infection score." Can J Hosp Pharm 62(3): 217-225. [PubMed]

Covid-19

García-Gil, M. and C. Velayos-Amo (2020). "Hospital Pharmacist experience in the Intensive Care Unit: Plan COVID." Farm Hosp 44(7): 32-35. [PubMed] 

Gurnani, P. K., et al. (2021). "Under the Microscope: A Look Into the Role of Critical Care Pharmacists During the COVID-19 Pandemic." J Pharm Pract: 8971900211013991. [PubMed] 

Erstad, B. L. (2021). "Caring for the COVID Patient: A Clinical Pharmacist's Perspective." Ann Pharmacother 55(3): 413-414. [PubMed] 

MacTavish, P., et al. (2021). "Evaluation of medication changes following severe COVID-19 infection: a multicentre evaluation." BMJ Open Respir Res 8(1). [PubMed] 

Besson, C., et al. (2021). "[Contribution of a hospital pharmacy team to critical care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2]." Ann Pharm Fr 79(4): 473-480. [PubMed] 

Collins, C. D., et al. (2020). "Perspectives from the frontline: A pharmacy department's response to the COVID-19 pandemic." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(17): 1409-1416. [PubMed] 

Traynor, K. (2020). "ICU pharmacist describes challenges in COVID-19 care." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(15): 1183-1184. [PubMed]

Kaplan, L. J., et al. (2020). "Critical Care Clinician Reports on Coronavirus Disease 2019: Results From a National Survey of 4,875 ICU Providers." Crit Care Explor 2(5): e0125. [PubMed] 

Uchida, E., et al. (2020). "Rising to the challenge: Pharmacy residents on the front lines during COVID-19 pandemic." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(24): 2101-2106. [PubMed]

Ahuja, T., et al. (2020). "COVID-19 pandemic preparedness: A practical guide from clinical pharmacists' perspective." Am J Health Syst Pharm 77(18): 1510-1515. [PubMed]

Gil-Navarro, M. V. and R. Luque-Márquez (2020). "Hospital Pharmacy in the multidisciplinary team of COVID inpatient units." Farm Hosp 44(7): 40-42. [PubMed]

Alwhaibi, A., et al. (2021). "Role of pharmacist during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study focused on critically ill COVID-19 patients." Saudi Pharm J 29(9): 1050-1055. [PubMed]

Danesh, V., et al. (2022). "Characteristics of Post-ICU and Post-COVID Recovery Clinics in 29 U.S. Health Systems." Crit Care Explor 4(3): e0658. [PubMed]

Chen, J. Z., et al. (2022). "Efficacy and safety of antimicrobial stewardship prospective audit and feedback in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A protocol for a pragmatic clinical trial." PLoS One 17(3): e0265493. [PubMed]

Yousefi, M., et al. (2021). "Effects of pomegranate juice (Punica Granatum) on inflammatory biomarkers and complete blood count in patients with COVID-19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial." Trials 22(1): 246. [PubMed]

Biblowitz, K., et al. (2022). "A multidisciplinary approach to prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus 2019-case report." AME Case Rep 6: 8. [PubMed]

Ferguson, N. C., et al. (2020). "Clinical Pharmacists: An Invaluable Part of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Frontline Response." Crit Care Explor 2(10): e0243. [PubMed]

Quiros Ambel, H., et al. (2021). "Effectiveness of antithrombotic prophylaxis in hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection." Eur J Hosp Pharm. [PubMed]

Blackall, D., et al. (2020). "Rapid establishment of a COVID-19 convalescent plasma program in a regional health care delivery network." Transfusion 60(10): 2203-2209. [PubMed]

Elbeddini, A., et al. (2020). "Pharmacists and COVID-19." J Pharm Policy Pract 13: 36. [PubMed]

Hua, X., et al. (2020). "Pharmacy administration and pharmaceutical care practice in a module hospital during the COVID-19 epidemic." J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 60(3): 431-438.e431. [PubMed]

(2020). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. COVID-19 rapid guideline: vitamin D. London, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Copyright © NICE 2020. [PubMed]

Mary, A., et al. (2020). "Rationale for COVID-19 Treatment by Nebulized Interferon-β-1b-Literature Review and Personal Preliminary Experience." Front Pharmacol 11: 592543. [PubMed]

Surgical Intensive Care

Thottam, P. J., et al. (2021). "Outcomes Using a Postoperative Protocol in Pediatric Single-Stage Laryngotracheal Reconstruction." Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 130(8): 861-867. [PubMed]

Bottom-Tanzer, S. F., et al. (2021). "High occurrence of postintensive care syndrome identified in surgical ICU survivors after implementation of a multidisciplinary clinic." J Trauma Acute Care Surg 91(2): 406-412. [PubMed]

Bos, M. M., et al. (2013). "Outcomes of intensive care unit admissions after elective cancer surgery." Eur J Surg Oncol 39(6): 584-592. [PubMed]

Schwartzberg, E., et al. (2003). "[Evaluation of the impact of a clinical pharmacist on the quality and cost of pharmacotherapy in a general surgical department, the Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center]." Harefuah 142(1): 5-9, 80. [PubMed]

Neurology

Suarez, J. I., et al. (2020). "Worldwide Organization of Neurocritical Care: Results from the PRINCE Study Part 1." Neurocrit Care 32(1): 172-179. [PubMed]

Naidech, A. M., et al. (2009). "Medical complications drive length of stay after brain hemorrhage: a cohort study." Neurocrit Care 10(1): 11-19. [PubMed]

Tester, C., et al. (2020). "Impact of Clinical, Unit-Specific Guidelines on Dornase Alfa Use in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients Without Cystic Fibrosis." Hosp Pharm 55(3): 199-203. [PubMed]

Kameda, K., et al. (2016). "[Pharmaceutical Approach for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Syndrome: A Case Study]." Yakugaku Zasshi 136(6): 925-929. [PubMed]

Kramer, K., et al. (2021). "Expediting Treatment of Seizures in the Intensive Care Nursery." Pediatrics 148(3). [PubMed]

King, C. S., et al. (2019). "Critical Care of the Adult Patient With Cystic Fibrosis." Chest 155(1): 202-214. [PubMed] 

Gilmer, A., et al. (2016). "Pharmacists' role in a hospital's initiative to become a certified primary stroke center." Am J Health Syst Pharm 73(5 Suppl 1): S1-7. [PubMed]

Ali, M. A. S., et al. (2018). "Clinical pharmacist interventions in managing drug-related problems in hospitalized patients with neurological diseases." Int J Clin Pharm 40(5): 1257-1264. [PubMed]

Mucksavage, J. and K. S. Kim (2020). "Challenges in ICU Care: The Patient With Parkinson's Disease." Crit Care Nurs Q 43(2): 205-215. [PubMed]

Thromboprophylaxis and Bleeding Management

Cook, D., et al. (2014). "Barriers and facilitators of thromboprophylaxis for medical-surgical intensive care unit patients: a multicenter survey." J Crit Care 29(3): 471.e471-479. [PubMed]

Cinnella, G., et al. (2019). "Clinical standards for patient blood management and perioperative hemostasis and coagulation management. Position Paper of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI)." Minerva Anestesiol 85(6): 635-664. [PubMed]

MacLaren, R. and C. A. Bond (2009). "Effects of pharmacist participation in intensive care units on clinical and economic outcomes of critically ill patients with thromboembolic or infarction-related events." Pharmacotherapy 29(7): 761-768. [PubMed]

Rech, M. A., et al. (2020). "International Survey of Thrombolytic Use for Treatment of Cardiac Arrest Due to Massive Pulmonary Embolism." Crit Care Explor 2(6): e0132. [PubMed]

Cook, D. J., et al. (2005). "Prophylaxis of Thromboembolism in Critical Care (PROTECT) Trial: a pilot study." J Crit Care 20(4): 364-372. [PubMed]

Sobolewski, K. A., et al. (2021). "Real-World Observational Review of Andexanet Alfa Prescribing and Utilization Outcomes at a Community Teaching Hospital." Crit Care Explor 3(4): e0356. [PubMed]

Suarez, J. I., et al. (2014). "Human albumin administration in subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of an international survey." Neurocrit Care 20(2): 277-286. [PubMed]

Bain, J., et al. (2014). "Implementation of an off-label recombinant factor VIIa protocol for patients with critical bleeding at an academic medical center." J Thromb Thrombolysis 38(4): 447-452. [PubMed]

Rebuck, J. A. (2007). "Practical considerations when developing guidelines for managing critical bleeding." Pharmacotherapy 27(9 Pt 2): 103s-109s. [PubMed]

Sauro, K. M., et al. (2019). "Improving the adoption of optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in critically ill patients: A process evaluation of a complex quality improvement initiative." J Crit Care 50: 111-117. [PubMed]

Bissell, B. D., et al. (2022). "Evaluation of Bivalirudin as the Primary Anticoagulant in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for SARS-CoV-2-Associated Acute Respiratory Failure." Ann Pharmacother 56(4): 387-392. [PubMed]

MacLaren, R. (2007). "Key concepts in the management of difficult hemorrhagic cases." Pharmacotherapy 27(9 Pt 2): 93s-102s. [PubMed]

Phillips, K. W. and A. K. Wittkowsky (2007). "Survey of pharmacist-managed inpatient anticoagulation services." Am J Health Syst Pharm 64(21): 2275-2278. [PubMed]

Masic, D., et al. (2019). "Pharmacist Presence Decreases Time to Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Emergency Department Patients with Life-Threatening Bleeding and Urgent Procedures." J Emerg Med 57(5): 620-628. [PubMed]

Zimmerman, L. H. (2007). "Causes and consequences of critical bleeding and mechanisms of blood coagulation." Pharmacotherapy 27(9 Pt 2): 45s-56s. [PubMed]

Burcham, P. K., et al. (2013). "Development and implementation of a nurse-driven, sliding-scale nomogram for bivalirudin in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Am J Health Syst Pharm 70(11): 980-987. [PubMed]

Imanaka, S., et al. (2020). "Emergency intensive care unit pharmacist's intervention may reduce time to four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate administration: a retrospective study." J Pharm Health Care Sci 6: 7. [PubMed]

Shore, S., et al. (2015). "Site-level variation in and practices associated with dabigatran adherence." Jama 313(14): 1443-1450. [PubMed]

Procopio, G. L., et al. (2022). "Impact of a pharmacist driven anticoagulation reversal program at a large academic medical center." J Thromb Thrombolysis 53(1): 158-166. [PubMed]

Dager, W. E. (2010). "Issues in assessing and reducing the risk for venous thromboembolism." Am J Health Syst Pharm 67(10 Suppl 6): S9-16. [PubMed]

Nephrology

Rewa, O. G., et al. (2018). "A modified Delphi process to identify, rank and prioritize quality indicators for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) care in critically ill patients." J Crit Care 47: 145-152. [PubMed]

Williams, V. L., et al. (2022). "Interventions, Barriers, and Proposed Solutions Associated With the Implementation of a Protocol That Uses Clinical Decision Support and a Stress Biomarker Test to Identify ICU Patients at High-Risk for Drug Associated Acute Kidney Injury." Ann Pharmacother: 10600280221117993. [PubMed]

Jiang, S. P., et al. (2014). "Effectiveness of pharmacist dosing adjustment for critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a comparative study." Ther Clin Risk Manag 10: 405-412. [PubMed]

Wilson, F. P., et al. (2015). "Automated, electronic alerts for acute kidney injury: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial." Lancet 385(9981): 1966-1974. [PubMed]

Vijayan, A., et al. (2021). "Recovery after Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury." Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 16(10): 1601-1609. [PubMed]

Teaford, H. R., et al. (2020). "Cystatin C: A Primer for Pharmacists." Pharmacy (Basel) 8(1). [PubMed]

Schetz, M., et al. (2005). "Drug-induced acute kidney injury." Curr Opin Crit Care 11(6): 555-565. [PubMed]

Cook, A. M. and J. Hatton-Kolpek (2019). "Augmented Renal Clearance." Pharmacotherapy 39(3): 346-354. [PubMed]

Oncology

Soares, M., et al. (2016). "Effects of Organizational Characteristics on Outcomes and Resource Use in Patients With Cancer Admitted to Intensive Care Units." J Clin Oncol 34(27): 3315-3324. [PubMed]

Coutsouvelis, J., et al. (2010). "Implementation of a pharmacist-initiated pharmaceutical handover for oncology and haematology patients being transferred to critical care units." Support Care Cancer 18(7): 811-816. [PubMed]

Schellongowski, P., et al. (2016). "Intensive care for cancer patients: An interdisciplinary challenge for cancer specialists and intensive care physicians." Memo 9: 39-44. [PubMed]

Chazan, G., et al. (2021). "Impact of coronavirus of 2019 on the delivery of pharmacy services to patients with cancer: An international survey of oncology pharmacy practitioners." J Oncol Pharm Pract: 10781552211048892. [PubMed]

Cardiology

Fongemie, J. M., et al. (2013). "Agreement between ICU clinicians and electrophysiology cardiologists on the decision to initiate a QTc-interval prolonging medication in critically ill patients with potential risk factors for torsade de pointes: a comparative, case-based evaluation." Pharmacotherapy 33(6): 589-597. [PubMed]

Adie, S. K., et al. (2022). "Impact of a pharmacist in an interdisciplinary post-cardiac intensive care unit clinic." Heart Lung 52: 48-51. [PubMed]

Ng, T. M., et al. (2008). "Pharmacist monitoring of QTc interval-prolonging medications in critically ill medical patients: a pilot study." Ann Pharmacother 42(4): 475-482. [PubMed]

Dahel, H., et al. (2022). "Determining Factors Influencing RAS Inhibitors Re-Initiation in ICU: A Modified Delphi Method." Can J Kidney Health Dis 9: 20543581221112266. [PubMed]

Alvarez de Toledo, F., et al. (2001). "[Pharmaceutical care in people who have had acute coronary episodes (TOMCOR study)]." Rev Esp Salud Publica 75(4): 375-387. [PubMed]

Bhatt, A. S., et al. (2021). "Virtual optimization of guideline-directed medical therapy in hospitalized patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the IMPLEMENT-HF pilot study." Eur J Heart Fail 23(7): 1191-1201. [PubMed]

Jorde, U. P., et al. (2019). "Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Survival Improves With Multidisciplinary Approach." Ann Thorac Surg 108(2): 508-516. [PubMed]

Kalich, B. A., et al. (2016). "From Pilot to Practice: A Trainee-Integrated Pharmacy Practice Model in Cardiology." N C Med J 77(1): 45-51. [PubMed]

Pulmonary

Bianchini, M. L., et al. (2019). "Improving care for critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia." Am J Health Syst Pharm 76(12): 861-868. [PubMed]

Liu, M., et al. (2021). "Evaluation of outcomes of medication therapy management (MTM) services for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." Pak J Med Sci 37(7): 1832-1836. [PubMed]

Cole, J. L. and S. E. Smith (2022). "A multifaceted stewardship intervention helps curb steroid overprescribing in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbations of COPD." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(8): 643-650. [PubMed]

Brozek, J., et al. (2007). "Pneumonia observational incidence and treatment: a multidisciplinary process improvement study." Am J Crit Care 16(3): 214-219. [PubMed]

Liu, M., et al. (2021). "Evaluation of outcomes of medication therapy management (MTM) services for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." Pak J Med Sci 37(7): 1832-1836. [PubMed]

Diabetes

Orabone, A. W., et al. (2022). "Pharmacist-Managed Diabetes Programs: Improving Treatment Adherence and Patient Outcomes." Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 15: 1911-1923. [PubMed]

Segal, R. (1997). "Applying the principles of pharmaceutical care to the patient with diabetes." Pharm Pract Manag Q 17(2): 47-53. [PubMed]

Cook, C. A., et al. (2022). "A Pharmacist-Driven Glycemic Control Protocol to Reduce the Rate of Severe Hypoglycemia in High-Risk Patients." Hosp Pharm 57(1): 45-51. [PubMed]

Wheeler, S. E., et al. (2021). "Glycemic relapse in a collaborative primary care-based type 2 diabetes management program." J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 61(4): 476-483.e473. [PubMed]

Kavalieratos, D., et al. (2010). "Recommendations of community pharmacists and health food store employees regarding undiagnosed symptoms of diabetes." J Gen Intern Med 25(8): 799-802. [PubMed]

Other Disease States

Aghili, M. and M. Neelathahalli Kasturirangan (2019). "Identifying characteristics of drug-related problems in critically ill patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 31(12): 1569-1576. [PubMed]

Bayón García, C., et al. (2012). "Prevalence, management and clinical challenges associated with acute faecal incontinence in the ICU and critical care settings: the FIRST cross-sectional descriptive survey." Intensive Crit Care Nurs 28(4): 242-250. [PubMed]

Koczmara, C. K., et al. (2014). "Vasopressor stewardship: a case report and lesson shared." Dynamics 25(1): 26-29. [PubMed]

Dyal, S. and R. MacLaren (2019). "The Assessment and Management Practices of Acute Alcohol Withdrawal: Results of a Nationwide Survey of Critical Care Pharmacists." Hosp Pharm 54(1): 22-31. [PubMed]

Kane-Gill, S. L., et al. (2014). "A multicenter study of the point prevalence of drug-induced hypotension in the ICU." Crit Care Med 42(10): 2197-2203. [PubMed]

Mahadeo, K. M., et al. (2020). "Diagnosis, grading, and treatment recommendations for children, adolescents, and young adults with sinusoidal obstructive syndrome: an international expert position statement." Lancet Haematol 7(1): e61-e72. [PubMed]

Wasylewicz, A. T. M., et al. (2020). "Clinical rule-guided pharmacists' intervention in hospitalized patients with hypokalaemia: A time series analysis." J Clin Pharm Ther 45(3): 520-529. [PubMed]

Sasnovskaya, V., et al. (2022). "A pharmacist-managed virtual consult service for patients with rheumatologic conditions requiring specialty or infused medications." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(1): e41-e49. [PubMed]

Králíková, E., et al. (2022). "Tobacco dependence treatment guidelines." Cas Lek Cesk 161(1): 33-43. [PubMed]

Weant, K. A., et al. (2012). "Safety and cost-effectiveness of a clinical protocol implemented to standardize the use of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom at an academic medical center." Pharmacotherapy 32(5): 433-440. [PubMed]

Populations

Neonatal

Csoma, Z. R., et al. (2014). "[Neonatal skin care in tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Hungary]." Orv Hetil 155(28): 1102-1107. [PubMed]

Leopoldino, R. D., et al. (2019). "Drug related problems in the neonatal intensive care unit: incidence, characterization and clinical relevance." BMC Pediatr 19(1): 134. [PubMed]

Johnson, C. J., et al. (1993). "Development of a pharmaceutical care system in a neonatal intensive care satellite pharmacy." Am J Hosp Pharm 50(6): 1158-1163. [PubMed]

Zenk, K. E. and W. C. Lloyd (1993). "Comparison of five inservicing methods in an intensive care nursery." J Pharm Technol 9(3): 94-96. [PubMed]

Labib, J. R., et al. (2018). "High alert medications administration errors in neonatal intensive care unit: A pediatric tertiary hospital experience." Turk J Pediatr 60(3): 277-285. [PubMed]

Ambreen, G., et al. (2022). "Impact of a standardised parenteral nutrition protocol: a quality improvement experience from a NICU of a developing country." Arch Dis Child 107(4): 381-386. [PubMed]

Lamba, V., et al. (2020). "Standardizing the approach to late onset sepsis in neonates through antimicrobial stewardship: a quality improvement initiative." J Perinatol 40(9): 1433-1440. [PubMed]

Dabliz, R. and S. Levine (2012). "Medication safety in neonates." Am J Perinatol 29(1): 49-56. [PubMed]

Rostas, S. E. and C. McPherson (2016). "Pharmacist-driven respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis stewardship service in a neonatal intensive care unit." Am J Health Syst Pharm 73(24): 2089-2094. [PubMed]

Pawluk, S., et al. (2017). "A description of medication errors reported by pharmacists in a neonatal intensive care unit." Int J Clin Pharm 39(1): 88-94. [PubMed]

Donà, D., et al. (2017). "Antibiotics Prescriptions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: How to Overcome Everyday Challenges." Am J Perinatol 34(12): 1169-1177. [PubMed]

Cologna, M., et al. (2005). "[Medication errors. Preventive measures in neonatal intensive care]." Assist Inferm Ric 24(1): 6-13. [PubMed]

Mulvihill, C. and D. McDonald (2022). "Standardized neonatal continuous infusion concentrations: A quality improvement initiative." Am J Health Syst Pharm. [PubMed]

Horne, E., et al. (1990). "Dosing guidelines for common neonatal and pediatric emergency drugs." Hosp Pharm 25(2): 154-156, 158-162, 167-158 passim. [PubMed]

Loureiro, C. V., et al. (2019). "Medication follow-up in newborns with extremely low birth-weight." Pharm Pract (Granada) 17(4): 1584. [PubMed]

Ahmed, M., et al. (2004). "Education and evidence are needed to improve neonatal parenteral nutrition practice." JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 28(3): 176-179. [PubMed]

Krzyzaniak, N. and B. Bajorek (2017). "A global perspective of the roles of the pharmacist in the NICU." Int J Pharm Pract 25(2): 107-120. [PubMed]

Fort, P., et al. (2022). "Venous Thromboembolism in Premature Neonates." Semin Thromb Hemost 48(4): 422-433. [PubMed]

Campino, A., et al. (2009). "Educational strategy to reduce medication errors in a neonatal intensive care unit." Acta Paediatr 98(5): 782-785. [PubMed]

Palmero, D., et al. (2019). "Incident reports versus direct observation to identify medication errors and risk factors in hospitalised newborns." Eur J Pediatr 178(2): 259-266. [PubMed]

Hayashi, M., et al. (2021). "Improving timeliness of hepatitis B vaccine administration in an urban safety net level III NICU." BMJ Qual Saf 30(11): 911-919. [PubMed]

Franco, K. A. and K. O'Mara (2016). "Impact of Computerized Provider Order Entry on Total Parenteral Nutrition in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 21(4): 339-345. [PubMed]

Rudolf von Rohr, T., et al. (2021). "NeoCheck: a prescription-screening tool to optimise pharmacotherapy for hospitalised neonates." Swiss Med Wkly 151: w20519. [PubMed]

Whitfield, K., et al. (2016). "MEDICATION MANAGEMENT OF THE EXTREMELY PREMATURE NEONATE - THE IMPACT OF A SPECIALIST PHARMACIST." Arch Dis Child 101(9): e2. [PubMed]

Reavey, D. A., et al. (2014). "Improving pain assessment in the NICU: a quality improvement project." Adv Neonatal Care 14(3): 144-153. [PubMed]

Pediatrics

Sabry, N., et al. (2016). "Drug-related problems in cardiac children." Minerva Pediatr 68(2): 89-95. [PubMed]

Moffett, B. S., et al. (2008). "Medication dosing and renal insufficiency in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit: impact of pharmacist consultation." Pediatr Cardiol 29(4): 744-748. [PubMed]

Pong, S., et al. (2022). "Antibiotic treatment duration for bloodstream infections in critically ill children-A survey of pediatric infectious diseases and critical care clinicians for clinical equipoise." PLoS One 17(7): e0272021. [PubMed]

Ahmed, R., et al. (2020). "Frequency of Exposure of Nephrotoxic Drugs and Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Review From a Tertiary Care Centre in Pakistan." Cureus 12(12): e12183. [PubMed]

Lockwood, J. M., et al. (2021). "Characteristics of Pediatric Rapid Response Systems: Results From a Survey of PRIS Hospitals." Hosp Pediatr 11(2): 144-152. [PubMed]

Costello, J. L., et al. (2007). "Effects of a pharmacist-led pediatrics medication safety team on medication-error reporting." Am J Health Syst Pharm 64(13): 1422-1426. [PubMed]

Gaetani, M., et al. (2017). "Concurrent intravenous drug administration to critically ill children: Evaluation of frequency and compatibility." J Crit Care 41: 198-203. [PubMed]

Trbovich, P. L., et al. (2022). "Human Factors Analysis of Latent Safety Threats in a Pediatric Critical Care Unit." Pediatr Crit Care Med 23(3): 151-159. [PubMed]

Glanzmann, C., et al. (2015). "Analysis of medication prescribing errors in critically ill children." Eur J Pediatr 174(10): 1347-1355. [PubMed]

Manias, E., et al. (2014). "Interventions to reduce medication errors in pediatric intensive care." Ann Pharmacother 48(10): 1313-1331 [PubMed]

Tripathi, S., et al. (2015). "Impact of Clinical Pharmacist on the Pediatric Intensive Care Practice: An 11-Year Tertiary Center Experience." J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 20(4): 290-298. [PubMed]

Ni, X., et al. (2021). "Development of an evaluation indicator system for the rational use of proton pump inhibitors in pediatric intensive care units: An application of Delphi method." Medicine (Baltimore) 100(24): e26327. [PubMed]

Hsu, B. S., et al. (2019). "Executive Summary: Criteria for Critical Care of Infants and Children: PICU Admission, Discharge, and Triage Practice Statement and Levels of Care Guidance." Pediatrics 144(4). [PubMed]

Roumeliotis, N., et al. (2020). "A modified Delphi to define drug dosing errors in pediatric critical care." BMC Pediatr 20(1): 488. [PubMed]

Larsen, G. Y., et al. (2016). "Structure, Process, and Culture Differences of Pediatric Trauma Centers Participating in an International Comparative Effectiveness Study of Children with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury." Neurocrit Care 24(3): 353-360. [PubMed]

Telechea, H., et al. (2012). "[Adverse drug reactions in a paediatric intensive care unit]." Farm Hosp 36(5): 403-409. [PubMed]

Gill, A. M., et al. (1995). "Adverse drug reactions in a paediatric intensive care unit." Acta Paediatr 84(4): 438-441. [PubMed]

Bernstein, L. R. and E. O. Reale (1984). "Development of a pediatric dosing sheet for use in the critical care setting." Hosp Pharm 19(11): 740-742. [PubMed]

Hirschfeld, R. S., et al. (2019). "Pediatric Chronic Critical Illness: Gaps in Inpatient Intrateam Communication." Pediatr Crit Care Med 20(12): e546-e555. [PubMed]

Dickinson, C. J., et al. (2012). "A systematic approach to improving medication safety in a pediatric intensive care unit." Crit Care Nurs Q 35(1): 15-26. [PubMed]

Bobo, K. S., et al. (2022). "Key articles and guidelines for the pediatric clinical pharmacist from 2019 and 2020." Am J Health Syst Pharm 79(5): 364-384. [PubMed]

De Giorgi, I., et al. (2010). "Evaluation of tools to prevent drug incompatibilities in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units." Pharm World Sci 32(4): 520-529. [PubMed]

Manrique-Rodríguez, S., et al. (2014). "Risks in the implementation and use of smart pumps in a pediatric intensive care unit: application of the failure mode and effects analysis." Int J Technol Assess Health Care 30(2): 210-217. [PubMed]

Manrique-Rodríguez, S., et al. (2013). "Impact of implementing smart infusion pumps in a pediatric intensive care unit." Am J Health Syst Pharm 70(21): 1897-1906. [PubMed]

Murray, D., et al. (2016). "EVALUATION OF AN ELECTRONIC PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (PICU) MEDICATION RECONCILIATION (MR) FORM." Arch Dis Child 101(9): e2. [PubMed]

Walsh, A., et al. (2021). "Introduction of a prescribing ward round to reduce prescribing errors on a paediatric intensive care unit." Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 106(4): 251-254. [PubMed]

Malfará, M., et al. (2018). "Impact of the clinical pharmacist interventions on prevention of pharmacotherapy related problems in the paediatric intensive care unit." Int J Clin Pharm 40(3): 513-519. [PubMed]

Anderson, C. R., et al. (2019). "Influencing the timing of parenteral nutrition initiation in the pediatric intensive care unit." Pharm Pract (Granada) 17(2): 1416. [PubMed]

Schneider, M. P., et al. (1998). "Evaluation of nurses' errors associated in the preparation and administration of medication in a pediatric intensive care unit." Pharm World Sci 20(4): 178-182. [PubMed]

Palmisano, J. M., et al. (1994). "Simulated pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: initial events and response times of a hospital arrest team." Respir Care 39(7): 725-729. [PubMed]

De Giorgi, I., et al. (2010). "Risk and pharmacoeconomic analyses of the injectable medication process in the paediatric and neonatal intensive care units." Int J Qual Health Care 22(3): 170-178. [PubMed]

Vipond, J. M., et al. (2018). "Shortened Taper Duration after Implementation of a Standardized Protocol for Iatrogenic Benzodiazepine and Opioid Withdrawal in Pediatric Patients: Results of a Cohort Study." Pediatr Qual Saf 3(3): e079. [PubMed]

Echarri-Martínez, L., et al. (2012). "[Paediatric training for developing clinical activities]." Farm Hosp 36(1): 43-49. [PubMed]

Nguyen-Ha, P. T., et al. (2016). "A Quality Assessment of a Collaborative Model of a Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Program." Pediatrics 137(5). [PubMed]

Cummings, A., et al. (2008). "Using mobility technology to improve pharmacist workflow in the PICU rounding process." J Healthc Inf Manag 22(4): 39-43. [PubMed]

Assadi, F. and F. G. Shahrbaf (2016). "Drug dosage in continuous venoveno hemofiltration in critically ill children." Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 8(1): 56-66. [PubMed]

Hughes, K. and L. Buenger (2019). "Select topics in the management of critically ill children." Am J Health Syst Pharm 76(19): 1532-1543. [PubMed]

Kraus, D. M., et al. (1991). "Program to improve nurses' knowledge of pediatric emergency medications." Am J Hosp Pharm 48(1): 97-101. [PubMed]

Lafreniere, J. A., et al. (2006). "Assessing the guidelines for potassium replacement in pediatric oncology patients receiving amphotericin B." J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 11(4): 223-232. [PubMed]

de Freitas, G. R., et al. (2014). "Degree of knowledge of health care professionals about pain management and use of opioids in pediatrics." Pain Med 15(5): 807-819. [PubMed]

Wang, G., et al. (2022). "Intercepting Medication Errors in Pediatric In-patients Using a Prescription Pre-audit Intelligent Decision System: A Single-center Study." Paediatr Drugs 24(5): 555-562. [PubMed]

Vernon, D. D., et al. (1999). "Effect of a pediatric trauma response team on emergency department treatment time and mortality of pediatric trauma victims." Pediatrics 103(1): 20-24. [PubMed]

Geriatrics

Heppner, H. J., et al. (2012). "Polypharmacy in the elderly from the clinical toxicologist perspective." Z Gerontol Geriatr 45(6): 473-478. [PubMed]

Grau, S., et al. (2021). "Personalized antimicrobial therapy in critical and elderly patients." Farm Hosp 45(7): 64-76. [PubMed]

Tjia, J., et al. (2013). "Studies to reduce unnecessary medication use in frail older adults: a systematic review." Drugs Aging 30(5): 285-307. [PubMed]

Obesity

Shashaty, M. G. and R. D. Stapleton (2014). "Physiological and management implications of obesity in critical illness." Ann Am Thorac Soc 11(8): 1286-1297. [PubMed]

Pregnancy

Hladunewich, M. A., et al. (2016). "Pregnancy across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease." Kidney Int 89(5): 995-1007. [PubMed]

Bain, E., et al. (2014). "Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014(10): Cd010660. [PubMed]

Bonham, C. A., et al. (2018). "Asthma Outcomes and Management During Pregnancy." Chest 153(2): 515-527. [PubMed]

International

Dilokpattanamongkol, P., et al. (2017). "Impact of pharmaceutical care on pain and agitation in a medical intensive care unit in Thailand." Int J Clin Pharm 39(3): 573-581. [PubMed]

Borthwick, M., et al. (2018). "Critical care pharmacy workforce: UK deployment and characteristics in 2015." Int J Pharm Pract 26(4): 325-333. [PubMed]

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